bioremediation of explosive contaminated soil :: essays research papers

Bioremediation of explosive contaminated soil â€Å"It has been estimated that there are thousands of explosives-contaminated sites within the United States, and even a greater number in Europe and the Soviet Union.†(2) TNT (2,4,6- trinitrotoluene) is one of the most popular explosives used by military forces, and due to improper handling and disposal techniques TNT and its derivatives, have polluted environments to levels that threaten the health of humans, livestock, wildlife and, entire ecosystems. TNT is known to have many health effects on animals as well as humans. As stated by The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, â€Å"Workers involved in the production of high explosives experienced many harmful health effects as a result of exposure to 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene at their jobs. These effects included disorders of the blood, such as anemia, and abnormal liver function.† (1) Treatment of the contaminated soil has usually been handled through incineration, which is costly and does not always guarantee that the pollutants have been completely destroyed. Therefore new techniques such as bioremediation have been developed as a safe cost effective alternative to treating pollutants such as TNT. (3) Fundamentals of Bioremediation Bioremediation is a new, efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost technology, which uses microorganisms to clean up soil contaminated with heavy metals and organic contaminants such as solvents, crude oil, explosives, and other toxic compounds from contaminated environments. Mechanism: Bioremediation works by taking complex organic compounds such as TNT, which are made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. When combined with regular compost ingredients such as manures, sawdust, straw, and fruit and vegetable processing wastes, the explosives become broken down into harmless chemical forms.(3) Bioremediation methods are classified into two categories: Composting, and bioslurries. Composting:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the EPA’s Fact Sheet on Composting of Soils Contaminated by Explosives, the process of composting operates as a result of naturally occurring microorganisms breaking down the explosive contaminants in the soil. Using the contaminants as â€Å"food,† the microorganisms convert them into harmless substances consisting primarily of water, carbon dioxide, and salts. In addition to this food source, microorganisms require nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, in order to thrive, digest, and reproduce. To provide these nutrients in sufficient quantities, soil amendments, such as manure and potato waste, are added to the contaminated soil.(3)The most common type of composting used for bioremediation of TNT contaminated soil is Windrow composting. The US Army Environmental Center report on Cleanup Technology: Bioremediation of Explosives-Contaminated Soil, describes windrow composting as the following.

Personal Model of Helping

I take pride in everything that I do and strive to give my all to the people who need my help, and this is the basis of my personal model of helping. I cannot give someone only part of my effort because the individual may not take me serious and not be able to use the help that I am offering. My goal in offering this help is to assist them in overcoming any negative situation they are trying to get out of. People reach out for help and when they do so they want the best help that they can find because they can seek a positive resolution. I know that circumstances in life can take a toll on a person, and these circumstances cause them to be in the situation that they are seeking help for but to change their behavior and improve themselves they need to give 100% as well as the people who are offering help to them. How and why and you formed this viewpoint This viewpoint was formed because there are individuals who seek help from professional counselors every day because they believe that these professionals can get them back of track with their lifestyle and overcome the struggles of hardship they have been facing. If this individual does not believe that the help they are getting from the professional is successful than it would seem that either the professional or the individual seeking help is not giving 100% effort on their part in order to get positive results. There are many different reasons an individual seeks therapy; it can be gambling problems, drug or alcohol addiction, abuse, health issues, family issues, or even death of a family member. A professional counselor needs to be prepared for any reason that a client may seek help from them and be ready and willing to offer them appropriate help of treatment. View of helping My view of helping is a result of a person taking pride in their profession of helping others and them going the extra mile and giving the effort necessary to make sure the client is on the right path for a positive resolution. People do not appreciate being judged by others and believe that many cannot relate to their situation because they do not understand the lifestyle and hare life they have experiences to this point. It is difficult for these individuals to admit they need professional help, and then to seek that help from a stranger who may judge them or the situation that he or she is in. The relationship between the clinician and the participant The relationship between the clinician and the participant should be welcoming and inviting to prepare for the session and to open lines of communication. When individuals talk to others that they do not know personally they have to gain a level of comfort so that they can open up and discuss personal matters that are causing their issues. I can relate to a client’s story by listening to them on a personal level and then sharing my experiences once they have built a rapport with me and show interest in my knowledge. Many views that individuals have of counselors or therapists is that they live a happy and worry free lifestyle and that he or she may/does not have a personal issues they are struggling with because of their profession; however this is not usually the case and many counselors seek therapy as well. Many professionals have issues and skeletons in their closet that they do not want anyone else to know about, and every person has a story to tell of their experiences in life and it is not fair for the counselor or others to be judged based solely of these experiences or for them seeking help to overcome personal struggles. Technique or approached to change There are many approaches that a counselor can take to change the perceptions a client may have about their lives, and show them another way to view their situation. When clinicians address behavioral issues with their client the techniques come from modeling. An example would be a client who struggles with expressing themselves may benefit from seeing the counselor use beneficial skills they need to acquire by demonstrating them in a role play scenario. It can be beneficial to select a model to assist in any role play scenarios who is similar to the client the counselor is trying to help. Age, gender, ethnicity, and social status should all be taken into consideration (Parrott, 2003). Positive reinforcement is another technique in therapy that is successful because it provides positive rewards or recognition for success or positive actions and behaviors. Relaxation training is another method of therapy that can be successful in treating a variety of disorders when other techniques are proven unsuccessful. Some disorders that can be treated successfully with relaxation therapy are headaches, pain, anxiety, hypertension, and PTSD. The basic idea of relaxation training and therapy is that the tension of muscles exacerbates anxiety and results in the individual feeling less anxious by them learning the knowledge to understand the difference between tense and relaxed muscle groups and the appropriate methods to treatment training (Parrott, 2003). A coherent model that is consistent, shows adequate understanding of the material presented, and reflects the ability to integrate and synthesize the course material Behavioral therapy shows successful results because it uses approaches that focus on certain characteristics of the individual in an attempt to successfully identify the appropriate therapy approach to helping the understand their behaviors and to gain self-control. â€Å"In addition to the rise of behaviorism, experimental research on the psychology of learning also contributed to the development of behavior therapy. This is an approach based on a view known as logical positivism, under which everything that exists is empirically verifiable. From this perspective, if the material universe, understandable only as matter and energy operating according to universal laws, is all that is, then human beings are material beings only and hence explainable by natural laws; In a sense, the experimental method was putting behaviorism’s philosophy into practice† (Parrott p. 271). The kinds of problems that can be addressed with your model The model learning theory can be used to address behavioral therapy approaches and techniques. Counselors are able to use this to observe their clients actions and behaviors to see if these approaches and techniques are successful for certain clients or all clients they are counseling. Cognitive –Emotive Dissonance; This is the most important stage in new learning and is characterized by two important features. : (1) the occurrence when people begin to act and think differently by understanding their new approach and control to their behavioral goals (2) the individual has emotional feelings that are uncomfortable when they start to believe that their actions are incorrect and they are not behaving appropriately. People using describe these feelings that they experience as â€Å"feeling wrong† or â€Å"not feeling right to me. † An example of this that occurs commonly would be while driving in a place you are unfamiliar with, such as an American questioning themselves for driving on the wrong side of the road in Europe. These types of emotions and feelings are unavoidable in experiences associated with psychotherapeutic therapy or any changes made to a person’s habits or accustomed behaviors. This is the stage of maximal therapeutic resistance in psychotherapy. If this approach is poorly handled and not addressed appropriately by the counselor then clients usually become noncompliant and stop attending therapy. Conditioning; this is the process of learning behaviors and the reaction or response to learned actions or familiar stimulus and how this changes and becomes a new behavioral response. There are two types of conditioning: (1) Classical conditioning where the response to certain stimulus is a learned behavior or innate response to a neutral stimulus, such as salivating to smell of something specific. 2) Operant conditioning where the behaviors they are learning are new, and they develop what their responses and reactions will be. Discrimination; The process in which a subject’s reaction are only appropriate to one similar or two different stimuli. Drive; A force that impels and motivates individual or animals to make a certain behavioral response based on the actions that have occurred. In behavioristic terms, drive is often dr iven by physiologic deprivations such a shelter, food, water, or necessities to survive. It also can be a reaction or response as a result of pain or unbearable or unpleasant stimulus (Maultsby & Wirga, 1998). Multicultural Issues Multicultural issues come from the diversity of others seeking help. There are many different reasons in which individuals seek counseling, so with this being said the counselor should be prepared on how to approach any situation they are confronted with by their clients. They need to be well versed in multicultural issues that can influence the approach to therapy uch as cross-cultural counseling where the client and the therapist do not share the same background, values, or lifestyle and these can be obstacles to overcome for any professional. People of cross-cultural differences find it difficult to settle of agreements with certain techniques or approaches to therapy that would be the most successful for the client. Gender issues are something to consider, where a male therapist may not be well versed or experienced in matters of women issu es and it can seem that they are not taking the clients matter serious where a female therapist may be able to relate to what the client is experiencing. Individuals who are disabled may feel singled out by others and isolated from the general population so the therapist needs to research and understand how to appropriately approach a client with this issue. Clients who are religious may not view therapy as a successful tool because of their beliefs. Certain professionals have techniques or therapeutic methods that are successful for many of their clients. The challenge they face is how to handle issues that are spiritual or religious in any way, ensure ethical integrity with the client while still being able to offer a method of treatment that they believe will be successful (Parrott, 2003). Limitations and strengths of the model The limitations of therapy or strengths of the treatment or model of therapy can depend on the clients learning abilities or disabilities, health issues, or cognitive challenges from clients who suffer from mental disorders, PTSD, or anxiety. The population this model can help The behavioral model can help many individuals within the population, and in order for this model to be successful people have to be open to receiving help even if it means putting them in situations that can bring them back to negative situations that are the roots of the individuals issues. The population that is seeking the help could be individuals addicted to drugs who want to get help to overcome and fight their addiction but do not understand the proper approach to overcoming these issues. Prostitutes who want to stop the emotional and physical abuse they are causing to themselves by selling their body for money. Even married couples who are at the end of their relationship but want to try to save what they once had in order to avoid divorce. Other clients who can benefit from this model of therapy ould be clients who suffer from health issues and are trying to understand how to cope with it, parents who are trying to gain control over a rebellious child, or even individuals who suffer from phobias that are interfering with them living a successful life. Original Thinking Individuals have to be open and accepting of therapy for it to be successful, when an individual is open to receiving help and seek a positive resolution to their issues then the counselor can par ticipate in the client’s therapy and give them the necessary steps to take for a successful change. Being an effective counselor means being open to new techniques, ideas, and approached to therapy that could be successful for the client. Each client and every case is different so there are different approaches to take in handling the situation in a professional manner. Conclusion There are many needs for therapy that need a successful approach, and a therapist willing to adapt to the needs of the patient. Utilizing all theories, methods, and techniques available to the therapist will help them have the tools necessary to offer treatment for any issue that their client presents them with. When a therapist is confident in their abilities and can relate to the issues faced by their client then they will have the inside needed to develop a successful approach to treatment and to present their client with a plan that explains their model of helping so that the client can be actively involved in the success of their treatment.ReferencesIndividual Counseling, Life Skills–Behavioral Therapy, and Group Experiences www.lifelongaes.com/services%20and%20fees/counseling.html. Kondrat, A. (2009). Behavioral and Cognitive Approach in Psychology. Retrieved from http://suite101.com/article/behavioral-and-cognitive-approach-in-psychology-a98399 Maultsby, Maxie C. & Wirga, Mariusz. (1998). Behavioral Therapy. Howard University College of Medicine. www.arcobem.com/publications/Beh-Tx.htm. Parrott, L., III. (2003). Counseling and psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson/Brooks/Cole. Smith, M.A., M., Segal, M.A., R., & Segal, Ph.D.,

Beloved Paper: Supernatural

Beloved Essay: Supernatural A major part of the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison is the case of someone being haunted. The supernatural element pervades the novel. The characters are haunted by the past, because of the choices they’ve made and the things they’ve done. All of the characters were affected by slavery, but Sethe, Denver, and Paul D are haunted by the past that stretches and grasps them in 124. Beloved’s character is an obvious use of the supernatural. She’s like a vampire that sucks the soul, the heart, and the mind of her mother while draining the relationships that exists between Denver with Sethe and Sethe with Paul D.Sethe is the most dramatically haunted in the book. She is the one whose past is so horrible that it is inescapable. How can she escape the past when it is physically apart of her? She is the one who was permanently scarred by slavery both literally and figuratively. She has scars left from being whipped that she calls a â€Å" tree†. She describes it as â€Å"A chokecherry tree. Trunk, branches, and even leaves. Tiny little chokecherry leaves. But that was eighteen years ago. Could have cherries too now for all I know† (pg. 16). She is the one went through slavery and escaped it.She decided to murder her own child rather than allow her to be forced into slavery, because she had suffered so much from it. It is inclined that her past is represented on her back, meaning that it is something that is behind her, something she cannot see but knows that is there. Sethe knows that the past has attached itself to her but the haunting of it has not stopped growing. Sethe doesn’t seem to recognize that the haunting is physically with her the whole time, because it drains the life out of her. When Paul D enters Sethe’s life, he discovers a haunting of Sethe almost immediately.He walks into 124 and notices that there is an unwanted spirit in the house, â€Å"It was sad. Walking through it, a wave of grief soaked him so thoroughly he wanted to cry† (pg. 9). Paul D stopped Beloved’s haunting, in her spirit form, the first time by screaming â€Å"God damn it! Hush up! Leave the place alone! Get the Hell out! † (pg. 18). But Beloved is Sethe’s greatest haunt and it is when Beloved arrives in physical form that Sethe is forced to turn around and confront the past. The reversal of power from Sethe to Beloved is when Beloved started to become like a parasite to Sethe.The parasitic aspect of motherhood is amplified in this novel, like the way the fetus is a parasite to the mother’s uterus, sucking the life from and continues to nourish its body by taking the mother’s body and nutrients. Beloved is the supernatural representation of this. Her mind and actions speak as a child not an adult. She loves her mother and wants her all to herself like a little two year old child. She even loves Denver like a little sister, but she is also jealo us of her and the relationship she has with her mother and the fact that Denver survived and she didn’t.Beloved claims Sethe â€Å"I am Beloved and she is mine† (pg. 210). A typical two year old will do anything to get what she wanted, so Beloved â€Å"made demands. Anything she wanted she got, and when Sethe ran out of things to give her, Beloved invented desire† (pg. 240). Beloved has taken so much from Sethe that Sethe’s mental capacities decline because she has given up any thought of life other than focusing on taking care of Beloved and nothing else. Her own guilt had made it so easy for her to be entrapped by Beloved.The idea of Beloved leaving would crush her, as a result her greatest fear was â€Å"that Beloved might leave. That before Sethe could make her understand what it meant-what it took to drag the teeth of that saw under the little chin; to feel the baby blood pump like oil in her hands; to hold her face so her head would stay on†¦ † (pg. 251). Sethe didn’t do anything, can’t do anything except â€Å"those times when Beloved needed her†¦ she sat in the chair licking her lips like a chastised child while Beloved ate up her life, took it, swelled up with it, grew taller on it.And the older woman yielded it up without a murmur† (pg. 250) Towards the end of the novel, Beloved switched from being an innocent child who just wanted to be with her mother, she became an evil deceitful child who wants revenge from her mother for killing her. Sethe’s guiltiness made it that much easier for her to do so. When Paul D first showed up at the doorstep of 124, he seemed aware of the necessity of confronting the past in order to escape its grip. He tried to help Sethe forgive herself and she should feel safe about venturing â€Å"inside† her painful memories.When Beloved’s arrival forces Sethe to face the past and the memories began to consume her completely. The only way Set he can escape Beloved’s hold is only with the help of those around her. Denver tries to keep Sethe alive; the community helps to expel Beloved; Paul D supports Sethe by telling her that she, not her children, is her own best thing. The only way they can possibly enjoy the future together is to deal with the past. The supernatural aspect played a big role in the novel Beloved by Toni Morrison. The characters are haunted by their pasts, from the choices that they’ve made and the things that they’ve done.The characters wanted to forget the past and leave it all behind, because â€Å"this is not a story to pass on. † The narrator’s warning is intended to remind us that it is not easy to keep that history in our memory, but it is not helpful for us to remember it either. Forgetting the past could be done if there is nothing that will remind the person about it, but how can it be forgotten when the past is haunting you in the physical form? Sethe was luc ky the people around her helped her snap out of it and continue on with her life.

Maternal Nursing Essay

A tool for assessment of health service systems to support maternal health and child health Health during early childhood and pregnancy has long term and wide ranging impacts on the general health of populations. Promotion of good health in pregnancy and childhood are therefore critical activities of primary health care services. Health service systems need to be organised to meet the specific needs of maternal and child care alongside the other major aspects of these services, such as acute and chronic illness care. Health care organisations require practical tools to guide efforts and evaluate changes in maternal and child health. This ABCD Systems Assessment Tool was originally designed for assessing primary care systems support for chronic illness care. The tool is based on the structure, content and principles of the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC) survey (Bonomi et al. , 2002) and on the Innovative Care for Chronic Conditions (ICCC) Framework (WHO 2002). We have now adapted the Systems Assessment Tool for use in quality improvement activities directed at maternal and child health (MCH). This adaptation is based on key policy reports and research papers relevant to the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary care sector (see list on last page). As for the ABCD Systems Assessment Tool for chronic illness care, this MCH Systems Assessment Tool has been designed for use with health services for Indigenous Australian populations. However, it is expected to be appropriate with minor adaptation for many other settings. The intended purpose of the tool is to support ongoing quality improvement initiatives through systematic assessment of a range of elements of health service systems that have been demonstrated to be important. The tool provides for †¢ an assessment of the state of development of health service systems; †¢ guidance on next steps in planning improvements in maternal and child health care; †¢ assessment of progress in achieving system improvement. As for the ABCD Systems Assessment Tool, this MCH Systems Assessment Tool incorporates the guiding principles of the ICCC Framework: evidencebased decision making; population focus; prevention focus; quality focus; integration; and flexibility/adaptability. Version 2. 1 Last Updated 30/03/07 Activities and programs relevant to maternal and child health care can be considered in three areas: a) Clinical Services for maternal health through individual health promotion advice, clinical preventive care and the early detection of illness (includes antenatal and post natal clinics/screening, case finding, brief interventions/counselling – generally health centre based, one-to-one activities) b) Clinical services for child health through individual health promotion advice, clinical preventive care and the early detection of illness (including child health clinics, screening, growth monitoring, case finding, brief interventions/counselling – generally health centre based, one-to-one activities) c) Community or Population based programs/activities, ancillary programs for maternal and child health (eg programs or activities designed to promote nutrition, breastfeeding, physical activity, oral/dental health, mental health, environmental health, and to reduce harm from cigarette smoke or alcohol) Each of these three areas of activities is important in the effective prevention and management of maternal and child ill health and the prevention of chronic illness in later years. The quality of systems in place to support each of these three areas of activities or programs may differ quite markedly within the same health centre or health service. The scoring form for this tool provides for distinct scoring of how systems support each of the areas. The prompts provided in this tool are intended only as guidance to some of the sorts of system issues that one might consider for scoring each item of the tool. These prompts are not intended to cover all relevant issues for all services. While there may be some overlap, the elements of the MCH Systems Assessment Tool can be applied separately to the assessment of systems to support a) services for maternal health; and b) services for child health. The use of this tool provides a score for the state of development of different aspects of health centre systems. These scores may be used as a guide for where improvement efforts might be focussed. The scores should be seen as a guide only, and services should base their priorities on the range of information available and the opportunities for improvement in different areas. We will welcome suggestions or feedback from services which use this tool.

Spicy Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Spicy Cola - Case Study Example Last Chance with the plan to expand its product line wants to enter into the soft drink beverage market. With the new product Spicy Cola the company wants to grab the market with its difference in the product feature. The company primarily targets the Australian supermarkets in Class A category and is not expected to be in direct competition with the similar player of the market like Pepsi and Coca Cola.The new product from Last Chance is mainly targeted towards the young generation for its trendy, cool and active nature and taste of the drinks. This product differentiation from the company is expected to have huge potential in the market for its unique taste. This research is mainly concerned with the development of the branding plan for the product. For finding the drawbacks of the product qualitative research survey was conducted amongst sample customer to understand the need of the product and its packaging for a proper implementation of the strategy in accordance to the mood, ta ste and color of the soft drink. The branding plan describes each and every aspects of the launch process from brand name, logo, target market, positioning strategy, pricing strategy, promotion and advertisement and packaging design for Spicy Cola to brand equity management system for the evaluation of the product success after the launch in the market. Rationale for brand name & brand mantra Building a brand name and brand mantra are one of the essential dimensions of product development process. Building a powerful brand name can even name the whole category of products like Xerox refers to photocopy category (Marconi & American Marketing Association, 2000, p. 4). Last Chance needs to develop a strong brand name for its Soft drinks in the market so that customers are more familiar to the product and can recognize the difference from its name. On the other hand brand mantra depicts the features of the product with a short phrase. The phrase gives the idea to the customer the positi on in the market and the target market which can influence the group to be more attracted towards the product (Keller, 2008, p. 144). The new soft drink from Last Chance was named as ‘Spicy Cola’ which clearly depicts its difference from the other players with its ‘SPICY’ flavor and also gives the impression in the mind of the people about its trendy, cool taste from the name which was mainly targeted towards the young generation. Brand elements and attributes Brand element is the nature of the product offered by the company and general information about the product with its characteristics and features (Keller, 2008, p. 163). It is the product features which make them different from others in the competitive market. With more relevance with the market need and the character of the product the more successful a brand can be in the market. Spicy Cola with its trendy, cool style refers to the friendly, free nature of the young generation. The black color and candy smell of the drink was perceived to be for both the genders and for all the age group of 12 to 30 and for all the cities. The sparkling cinnamon taste can be consumed at any point of time by the people. The design which was selected after the research survey also suits the identity of the product features which has a great potential to grab the market share in the cold drink beverage industry. Target Market Identifying the target audience can help the company to launch its product in a more successful manner. The primary and the secondary target market are needed to be identified by Last Chance in accordance to the product features and properly implement its strategy to the market to increase sales

Course Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Management Systems - Essay Example They can also assist instructors with furthering their Internet class options through the use of features like discussions, Emails, and quizzes (Cole and Foster, 2007). A teacher can also store a syllabus, lecture notes, and other information on a server, if desired. Another beneficial feature is the use of the open forum discussion, which allows for asynchronous classroom participation; thus, this makes it much easier for both professors and students to find the time to interact (Cole and Foster, 2007). Synchronous tools include the chat feature, which some instructors like to use to setup office hours with their students, or question and answer sessions via an appointment (Cole and Foster, 2007). Assignments in Moodle are particularly easy to grade, as the CMS uses a dropbox feature for written assignments, and this information, when graded, goes right into the gradebook, and can be privately viewed by the student, thus keeping the school in line with FERPA guidelines (Moodle Docs, n.d.) Moodle has an extreme advantage over some other online platforms because it is relatively inexpensive. For instance, one can actually sign up for a free trial, meaning that Moodle is an open source (Cole and Foster, 2007). ... Since online technology is becoming more and more important in education as online education becomes increasingly popular, Moodle allows individuals to be able to do several things in an online or traditional course via the Internet that were not possible less than a decade before. Educators throughout the country are still debating about how to combine technology for both online teaching, face-to-face meetings, and classes that use both online and face-to-face meetings, designated as hybrid courses. Hybrid courses generally utilize both solid aspects of face-to-face learning with the Internet software available to give students a credible learning experience overall, especially if the students still require some face to face interaction.Furthermore, Moodle is a very effective tool as far as Social Constructionist theory is concerned. Social Constructivism states that an individual or group will learn best when he or she or they are experiencing a social process of constructing ideas through the act of constructing an artifact for others (Cole and Foster, 2007). Therefore, in order to effectively learn, one most place oneself in the process of negotiating meaning in a culture of shared artifacts and symbols. The use of Moodle software effectively offers this, because it allows for the individual to be able to learn in a variety of ways; through chats, through discussions, via Email and assignments, through feedback from the instructor, through interaction with peers, and, if a traditional or hybrid course, through face to face learning (Cole and Foster, 2007).Another reason to consider Moodle is the fact that it holds up

Simplified Acquisition Procedures Research Paper

Simplified Acquisition Procedures - Research Paper Example The government report uses Simplified acquisitions to illustrate the approach that legalizes a test method that permits government purchasers to acquire profitable items that do not surpass a certain amount (Engelbeck, 2001, p. 29). 2. Describe the circumstances under which the government allows the use of the simplified acquisition procedures One of the conditions offered by the government concerning the use of the Simplified acquisitions is that the government able to validate purchases. Agency officials have been authorized to impose maximum amounts for purchases made. In 1996, the congress widened the use of simplified acquisitions by legalizing a test plan that permits buyers to purchase items that do not go beyond $5 million. As a result, the maximum price set was a requirement that all regime buyers had to follow up. Another condition is the permission of issuing a combined outline and solicitation. This solicitation procedure laid out the plans, procedures, buying modes and v endors to be used throughout the buying procedure. This way, the government would account for every dollar used in the transaction. The issuing procedure might have also needed proposal compliance in less than 45 days as would or else be needed (GAO, 2003, p.3). Government buyers would also be required to set up an official assessment plan or aggressive variety, carry out debates with dealers or achieve quotations or bids. Potential buying risks will be realized through this condition, and make the government less prone to losses or budget upheavals. Another condition that the government applied to all buyers under Simplified acquisitions was the minimization of the credentials needed to give strong reason for compensation decisions. The credentials used for such transactions consume lots of government expenditure, and Simplified acquisitions are one way for the government to reduce expenditure on subsidiary goods and services as such (GAO, 2003, p.2). Currently, the government issu es a test program to include contact procedures for all officers involved in the purchasing procedure. The government seeks maximum efficiency and saving with minimal expenses or financial burdens. Another condition that the government looks forward to is the adherence to the contract clauses prearranged by special documentation that limits administrative costs. This documentation has requirements arranged by FAR 12.3 with the aim of limiting occurrences of sole basis acquisitions. Simplified acquisitions also require a short written report of the processes of employed when compensating the contract file. Other compensations in the contract include the number of bids established, a description of the foundation of the contract reward assessment, and some validation for a sole basis acquisition (Engelbeck, 2001, p. 44). 3. Three examples of the simplified acquisition methods and where they might be appropriate in a government procurement contract An example of Simplified acquisitions techniques is a test plan employed by the government in January 1, 2004. The government used Simplified acquisitions to smoothen the flow of contracting vehicles that federal bureaus use for acquiring goods and services. The test program involved the use of delivery agreements between buyers and the sellers tor educe the chances of acquisition risk, and save time in the course of acquiring the items (GAO, 2003, p.3). Another example is the use of purchase cards that