Wednesday, December 25, 2019

International Service Of Air Transportation - 946 Words

Introduction An airline company can be defined as an organization providing public service of air transportation on one or more routes to passengers and freight. Airlines vary widely in size, from small companies to huge multinational companies. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which they supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefits. Generally an airline must have an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. History of airlines Airplanes were around the first few years of the 20th century. In 1925, the Air Mail Act facilitated the development of airline industry by allowing postmaster to contract with private airlines to deliver mail. Shortly after, the Air Commerce Act authorized the Secretary of Commerce to establish airways, certify aircraft, license pilots, and issue and enforce air traffic regulations. The first set of commercial airlines included Pan American, Western Air Express and Ford Transport Service. Within 10 years, many modern airlines, such as Southwest, Delta, United and American, had emerged as major players. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act established the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). This board was responsible for determining airline routes of travel and regulating prices for passenger fares. The CAB based airline fares on average cost; airlines could not compete with each other by offering lower fares but they competed by striving to offer best qualityShow MoreRelatedInternational Service Of Air Transportation1825 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction An airline company can be defined as an organization providing public service of air transportation on one or more routes to passengers and freight. Airlines vary widely in size, from small companies to huge multinational companies. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which they supply services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefits. Generally an airline must have an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. HistoryRead MoreAir Charter Transportation Industry : Comparative Perspectives1173 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER-3 AIR CHARTER TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY - COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES According to a study by the Air Charter Journal, with the advent of the twenty-first century, there are around three thousand operators available for charter transportation around the world. Given the enormity of air charter transportation around the world, it is worthwhile to have a look at the international regime governing air charters around the world. International Regime It is interesting to note that in commercialRead MoreMis : Information and Services Does the Web Site Provide for Individuals, Small Businesses and Large Businesses1474 Words   |  6 Pages What kind of information and services does the Web site provide for individuals, small businesses and large businesses? List these services and write several paragraphs describing one of them, such as UPS Trade Direct or Automated Shipment Processing. Explain how your business would benefit from the service. INTRODUCTION More and more people are looking to the web for the products and services they need. Consumers want to be able to access products and services online and businesses have toRead MoreAviation Provides The Sole Worldwide Transportation Network That Makes It Essential For International Business And Tourism1227 Words   |  5 PagesAviation provides the sole worldwide transportation network that makes it essential for international business and tourism. It plays a significant role in facilitating economic growth, notably in developing countries. Flying transports close to two billion travelers per annum and four-hundredth of interregional fares of merchandise (by worth), four-hundredth of international tourists currently travel by air. The air transportation industry generates a total of twenty nine million jobs globally (throughRead MoreTransportation Transport And Transport Transportation994 Words   |  4 PagesWithin transportation, there are a lot of different modes to transport it ems. The modes are land, water, pipeline, air, and railroad. The modes used by most companies is air and land. Two companies that use these modes are Ups and FedEx. With Ups and FedEx in these modes, consumers and manufactures are able to ship and receive items. Air mode of transportation is the movement of freight by air when time is of the essence. This mode represents the fastest way to ship products over long distancesRead MoreSWOT Analysis And Strategy Evaluation On The Transportation Services Sector1320 Words   |  6 Pagesin the Transportation Services Sector Mark R. Mitchell PHL/320 December 10, 2014 Chris Mendoza SWOT Analysis and Strategy Evaluation in the Transportation Services Sector The transportation service sector has a significant customer reach and impact on many different industries, as they receive and deliver products through the transportation service sector. Whether a companys goods or goods received to produce a product for retail or supplier markets. The reliable transportation market provideRead MoreFactors For Considering Air Freight Vs. Ocean Freight Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesARTICLE REVIEW By : Martha Yuhla SHEY SOURCE http://www.universalcargo.com/ : 4 FACTORS FOR CONSIDERING AIR FREIGHT VS. OCEAN FREIGHT. By Raymond Rau : Posted August 16, 2011 In Air Freight, International Shipping, ocean freight, shipping. http://www.universalcargo.com/4-factors-for-considering-air-freight-vs-ocean-freight/ INTRODUCTION This is a review of an article on ‘4 FACTORS FOR CONSIDERING AIR FREIGHT VS. OCEAN FREIGHT’. In the first place a summary of the article will be given, then we willRead More International Logistics Essays1333 Words   |  6 Pagesdesigning and managing of a system in order to control the flow of material throughout a corporation. This is a very important part of an international company because of geographical barriers. Logistics of an international company includes movement of raw materials, coordinating flows into and out of different countries, choices of transportation, cost of the transportation, packaging the product for shipment, storing the product, and managing the entire process. The concept of logistics is fairly new inRead MoreAn Analysis Of The International Logistics Systems1481 Words   |  6 Pagesefficient and reliable transportation mechanisms for their supply chains (Coyle et al. 2015). In addition, the various firms or companies have to contend with the fact that the increased distances of transportation come with its fair share of risks. The firms need to carry out risk assessment to deal with the unexpected processes. From another point of view, the firms need to make several compromises as they enter into various agreements that will ensure that the transportation processes are well integratedRead MoreAir Canada Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagescommercial air transportation that includes maintenance standards, policy, ground, operations standards, and safety and navigation facilities. The Canadian Transportation Agency independently acts as a quasi-judicial tribunal that resolves disputes that relate to the consumer and the business. As an economic regulator, the agency also determines, licenses, permits and issue air transport related authorities. NAV Canada, non-share Capital Corporation, is privately responsible for provision of air navigation

Monday, December 16, 2019

An Analysis of Hemingway’s A Moveable Feast - 2139 Words

When a writer picks up their pen and paper, begins one of the most personal and cathartic experiences in their lives, and forms this creation, this seemingly incoherent sets of words and phrases that, read without any critical thinking, any form of analysis or reflexion, can be easily misconstrued as worthless or empty. When one reads an author’s work, in any shape or form, what floats off of the ink of the paper and implants itself in our minds is the author’s personality, their style. Reading any of the greats, many would be able to spot the minute details that separates each author from another; whether it be their use of dialogue, their complex descriptions, their syntax, or their tone. When reading an excerpt of Hemingway’s A†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I said that I did not believe that anyone could write any way except the very best he could write without compromising his talent.† This meta-cognitive piece of writing is an exact reflection o f Hemingway’s own work. His clinical tone is maintained straight up to the end of the chapter, where he writes, â€Å"I did not know Zelda yet, and so I did not know the terrible odds that were against him. But we were to find them out soon enough.† The gloom that carried us through the chapter concludes with an end that foreshadows more pain and sorrow in the lives of both writers. While Hemingway’s sullen tone carries the underlying theme of his work, it is Hemingway’s use of details, what he decides to divulge into rich descriptions of and what he chooses to leave a mystery, that opens up a text that comes across as simple to deeper analysis. Hemingway strays away from overly complicated descriptions of events, keeping his thoughts focused on specific descriptions of character, and of personal thoughts and opinions. Hemingway’s detailed explanations in regards to his arguments with Scott, such as their one on whether pneumonia is the correct term for a disease or not, and his detailed recalling of his and Scott’s adventures with a thermometer can easily come across as banal and self-indulgent. His detailed recollections of his first encounter with Scott, where he critiques his facial features, hisShow MoreRelated Hemingway and Fitzgerald Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pages Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, the parties o f one of the most famously infamous relationships in literary history met for the first time in late April 1925 at The Dingo Bar, a Paris hangout for the bohemian set. In his novel A Moveable Feast (published posthumously) Hemingway describes his first impressions of Fitzgerald: â€Å"The first time I ever met Scott Fitzgerald a very strange thing happened. Many strange things happened with Scott, but this one I was never able to forget. He

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Negative Thinking vs. Positive Thinking free essay sample

All that we are is the result of what we have thought. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him. If a man speaks or acts with a pure thought, happiness follows him, like a shadow that never leaves him. † –Buddha. Owning my own business has led me to read many books over many different topics, including books geared toward motivating the reader to succeed and teaching the reader how to motivate others. According to almost every motivational book I have read, motivation starts with positive thinking. I believe that my cup is half-full, I keep an open mind about most things, and I believe that out of every bad situation something good comes of it. I guess you could say that I am an optimist. Pessimists on the other hand believe that their glass is half-empty and automatically expect the worst outcome when situations arise. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Thinking vs. Positive Thinking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Your attitude towards life can greatly affect the reality you create for yourself, whether you are an optimist or pessimist. (Videnieks) Countless thoughts run through our minds each day. Research says that 80% of them are negative, and that we remember the negative thoughts because it is hardwired into our DNA to do so. † (Goldsmith). It is not difficult to figure out that negative thoughts bring an over-all negativity to our lives. I guess you could view negativity as having a snowball effect considering one negative thought typically leads to another negative thought, and so on. Negative thinking can produce negative consequences when it comes to not only our mental health but our physical health as well. Negative thinking causes a decreased flow of endorphins within the brain, a lack of self-confidence, a poor self-esteem, poor judgment, increased levels of distress, higher levels of depression, poor back posture, and an increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease. These are just a few of the proven consequences of negative thinking. Often factors that affect a person’s mental health produce negative affects to their physical health as well. Though difficult at times, positive thinking can produce very beneficial results both mentally and physically. Being a positive thinker does not mean bad things never happen. Having the ability to think positively about bad situations can greatly influence the ending result; which include minimizing the negative physical effects stresses can have on our bodies. Thinking positively can help a person cope better during times of stress, resulting in a reduction of the amount of stress that can have negative effects on mental, as well as physical health. Videnieks) Mental stress very often leads to physical stress on a person’s body, which can ultimately lead to health problems. Individuals who choose to have a positive attitude and think positive have a better overall well-being. (Videnieks) Positive thinking can lead to an increased life span, lower stress levels, a lower rate of depression, increased resistance to the common cold, a decreased risk of death from cardiovascular disease, and better stress coping skills during times of stress. Videnieks) It is obvious that there are many proven benefits of being a positive thinker. â€Å"Self-Talk† has been discussed in almost every book I have ever read on the subject of motivation. Self-Talk are those constant thoughts that run through our heads on a daily basis. (Videnieks) Those thoughts can be negative or positive, and we all have the ability to control weather those thoughts will be negative or positive. (Videnieks) Positive or negative thoughts can have an effect on our mental and physical health. Videnieks) If a person were to weigh the benefits of positive thinking versus negative thinking I believe that they would come to the conclusion that positive thinking is much healthier for the body and the brain. Knowing the potential impact it can have on your health, what would convince a person to continue their practice of negativity? The only reason that I can come up with is that they either enjoy being negative or they have the ability to convince themselves that becoming an optimist is an impossibility. I believe that an individual’s happiness is intertwined with their outlook on life. Attitude goes hand-in-hand with determining whether they are a positive or negative person. I also believe that every person consciously or unconsciously makes the decision to be either negative or positive, possibly due to circumstances in their lives. Every person has the power and the ability, despite what their circumstances might be to make the decision to practice negative thinking or to become a positive healthy thinker. We must ll look deeply within ourselves and ask ourselves if we want to see our glass as half empty or half full. Being positive is not always the easiest road to travel but taking the easy road is rarely the best choice. Long-term health and happiness doesn’t just fall into the laps of the negative and unhappy. Like anything else, it takes effort to refrain from being a Negative Nelly all the time.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Pi Number Essays - Pi, Approximations Of, , Term Papers

Pi Number A little known verse in the bible reads "And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other; it was round all about, and his height was five cubits; and a line of thirty cubits did compass it about (I Kings 7, 23)." This passage from the bible demonstrates the ancient nature of the irrational number pi. Pi in fact is mentioned in a number of verses throughout the bible. In II Chronicles 4,2, in the passage describing the building of the great temple of Solomon which was built around 950BC, pi is given as equal to three. This value is not very accurate at all and should not even be considered accurate for it's time, however it should be noted that precision was not needed for the task that was being performed and we should let the general concept of pi that the biblical characters posses impress us. Present knowledge suggests that the concept of pi first developed in 2000 BC in two separate cultures. The Babylonians used pi at a value of 25/8 while an entirely different culture, the ancient Egyptians used pi at a value of 256/81. While the biblical calculation of pi=3 most likely came from crude measurement, there is strong reason to believe, because of the relative accuracy of the values, that the Babylonians and Egyptians found pi by means of mathematical equations. In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus, which is dated around 1650 BC, there is strong evidence supporting that the Egyptians used 4(8/9)2 =3.16 for their value of pi. At that point in history, and for the majority of modern history, pi was not seen as an irrational number as it is today. The next culture that investigated pi was the ancient Greeks. Starting in 434 BC Greeks were unraveling the mysteries of pi. The mathematician Anaxagoras made an unsuccessful attempt at finding pi, which he called squaring the circle and in 414 BC, 20 years after Anaxagoras failed in his attempt to square the circle, Aristophanes refers to the work of Anaxagoras in his comedy "The Birds". It took over 100 years for the Greeks to finally find a value for pi. In 240 BC Archimedes of Syracuse showed that 223/71*pi*22/7. Archimedes knew, what so many people today do not, that pi does not equal 22/7 and he made no claim to have discovered the exact value of pi. However if we take the average of his two bounds we obtain pi=3.1418, which was an error of about 0.0002. Archimedes found the most accurate value of pi up to that time and his value would be used exclusively until the next discovery in the world of pi. The next major finding concerning pi did not occur in the western world, but in China by Tsu Chung-chi'h who approximated pi at 355/113 in 480 AD. Next to nothing except for this work is known about Tsu Chung-chi'h's life but it is very unlikely that he had any awareness of Archimedes work. We shall now notice how during the dark ages of Europe, the lead in the research of pi is passed to the East. Aryabhata, working on his own in Persia without any outside information in 515 AD was able to approximate pi to 3 decimal places. A mathematician from Baghdad named Al'Khwarizimi worked with pi however the most accurate finding of pi to date was found even more east in Samarkand by Al-Khashi. In 1430 AD he approximated pi to 16 decimal places, the most to date. His work however, would be the last of note from the east as the European Renaissance brought about a whole new mathematical world. The first notable discovery in the approximation of pi from the European Renaissance was by Viete in 1593 AD. He expressed pi as an infinite product by using only 2's and square roots. In 1610 Ludolph van Ceulen demonstrated the new thought coming out of the Renaissance by calculating pi to 35 decimal places. Around the same time, Snell refined Archimedes's method of calculating pi, and Snell's work was used by Grienberger to calculate pi to 39 decimal places in 1630. In 1655 Wallis showed that pi/2=2/1*2/3*4/3*4/5*6/5*6/7*8/7*8/9..... The 18th centuary brought about great achievements in the calculating of pi. In 1706, Machin found pi to 100 decimal places, the first time that feat was ever achieved and in the same year, a British mathematician, William Jones first used pi for the circle ratio. In 1737, Euler first used the Greek letter pi

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Comparison of Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth Research Paper Example

Comparison of Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth Research Paper Example Comparison of Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth Paper Comparison of Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth Paper Throughout both ‘Great Expectations’ and ‘Macbeth’ surroundings are used to influence and define Miss Havisham’s and Lady Macbeth’s characteristics. These surroundings are not only physical, but also psychological; found in their relationships and trauma from past events. Although both women are presented in different forms Lady Macbeth is also strongly influenced by her physical surroundings. Like Miss Havisham, her home is metaphorical of her characteristics. She lives in a great castle from which we never see her leave. Like the castle she first comes across as strong, powerful and intimidating with strong walls, yet we later see these crumble and leave her as nothing but a wreck of what she used to be. The castle also lures King Duncan into a false sense of security the same way Lady Macbeth does, this can be seen when he describes her as ‘Fair and noble hostess’ and states ‘This castle hath a pleasant seat’ showing that he feels comfortable and unsuspecting of both. This is ironic because later that very same night he is murdered, highlighting his naivety. This shows how like Lady Macbeth the castle can also conceal the evil within. Pathetic fallacy is often used in Macbeth to emphasise the atmosphere of the events occurring. For example on the night of Duncan’s murder, when Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are in a state of paranoia, ‘someone knocks at the gate’ . This makes them feel as though they have been discovered by someone and there is almost knocking on their conscience, ultimately leading to Lady Macbeths loss of sanity. The next morning we learn that ‘The night has been unruly’ and ‘some say the earth/ Was feverous and did shake’ reflecting the earth shaking events of the night prior, and further impressing the guilt on Lady Macbeth, influencing her mental state. Another influence on Lady Macbeth appears to be the witches. When we are first introduced to her character she appears to be speaking in incantation which mirrors that of the witches: ‘Come thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell’ This suggests that the witches have some sort of influence over her, or are possessing her so that she can carry out their wishes of over throwing the King, it also shows that she does not fear the religious consequences of her actions. She also goes on to call on spirits ‘Come, you spirits’, this gives the impression that she believes in the superstitious, and not only that but sees it as a source of help. She does not fear it like the vast majority of people in the 1600s. Miss Havisham is also greatly influenced by her psychological and emotional surroundings. The paramount influence over her life was her relationship with Compeyson, as this is what led to her incessant need for revenge, strained relationship with Estella and subversion from conformity. The enormous impact that Compeyson jilting Miss Havisham had on her perception of love can be seen when she describes love as ‘Giving up your soul to the smiter-as I did’. The use of the word smiter emphasises just how deeply she was hurt; her heart was not just broken, but deliberately crushed. She never heals from this pain so dedicates her whole life onwards to breaking men’s hearts. She even goes to the extent of raising Estella to do this ’’You can break his heart. ’’. Yet she shows signs of regretting bringing Estella up ‘so hard and thankless’ and robbing her of the ability to love, like Compeyson did to her. This failing relationship leads her further into depression, but does not stop her need to inflict pain on Pip, suggesting she cannot control her psychological impulses. Miss Havishams failed relationship led her to rebel from the stereotypical Victorian woman, who is supposed to be a married, dutiful wife, well presented and loving. She is quite the opposite of this as a mad spinster, but is left to her own devices due to her wealth and power Throughout Macbeth we see Lady Macbeth change from a foreboding, deeply ambitious and manipulative women, to a regretful and guilt ridden soul. This change creates a sense of sympathy in the eyes of the audience as it is her own actions which lead to her ultimate demise. Unlike Miss Havisham, Lady Macbeth is married and is perceived by outsiders as a typical loyal wife. However, within her relationship it can be seen that she has also rebelled from expectations. In Lady Macbeths mind being a woman is a great weakness; she construes femininity as compassion and kindness, preventing her from ever being as powerful as a man. She labels her husband as too full o the milk of human kindness, to commit treason, and for this reason she calls on the spirits to â€Å"unsex† her and â€Å"Stop up the access and passage to remorse†, as she thinks this will allow her to carry out acts of evil. She also manipulates Macbeth into doing what she wants: ‘When you durst do it, then you were a man’. This shows that she knows how to use what could be seen as the female method of achieving power, this being manipulation, to further her supposedly male ambitions. This position of power can again be seen in the use of imperative verbs when she talks to Macbeth: ‘look like the innocent flower’, ‘Leave all the rest to me’, displaying her authority and control over the situation. The play implies that women can be as ambitious and cruel as men, yet social constraints deny them the means to pursue these ambitions on their own. Lady Macbeth’s guilt is the crucial psychological surrounding which influences her downfall. Although her will to kill the King was previously so strong, after the murder she begins to slide into madness. She and Macbeth undergo a role reversal, he seems to lose all sense of remorse, whilst her feminine attributes, which she tried so hard to eradicate, take over, leaving her trapped in her guilt. This ironic turn of events can clearly be seen when Lady Macbeth initially comforts Macbeth by saying â€Å"a little water clears us of this deed†, yet she soon comes to realise this is not the case. Her guilt consumes even her subconscious mind leading to her sleep walking, whilst in this state she questions â€Å"will these hands ne’er be clean? and goes on to recount the events of the day of the murder. This illustrates how she is constantly reliving that day, desperately trying to change what happened but can’t. This desperation to clean the blood from her hands eventually drivers her insane, and the only way she can free herself from this mental torture is to end her life. Although Great Expectations and Macbeth were written in different centuries and in different f orms; Macbeth being a concentrated play, written around 1604, and Great Expectations being a lengthily novel from around 1860. They were both considered quite outrageous and innovative at the time, due to their previously unspoken themes of madness, superstition and matriarch. As shown in my essay, Miss Havisham and Lady Macbeth are similarly influenced by their surroundings. Both women used people as their puppets in order to carry out their desires, and both descended into madness through losing their control of their puppets. However Lady Macbeth was power hungry and was willing to take down anyone to satisfy her ambition, whereas Miss Havisham wanted purely revenge, and thought what she was doing was bringing justice. The former is more manipulative and done purely for selfish reasons, so her madness was self inflicted and grew as time progressed. While the latter was done in response to the pain she was caused, meaning her madness was less calculated, but was constant since the cause of pain. Both are middle aged and wealthy women who have rebelled from expectations, however Miss Havisham rebelled due to a traumatic event in her life and does not try to conceal her atypical lifestyle. Whereas Lady Macbeth tries to mask this, and use her apparent innocence to her advantage.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Get Ahold Of

Get Ahold Of Get Ahold Of Get Ahold Of By Maeve Maddox A reader objects strongly to the expression â€Å"get ahold of,† viewing it as an example of â€Å"the slang [that is] slowly and insidiously debasing English.† I wouldn’t go so far as to say that. Both the Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam-Webster provide entries for ahold. The OED lists ahold as an adverb. The first definition is for an obsolete nautical term meaning â€Å"at a position close to the wind.† The second definition given is â€Å"So as to hold on to someone or something.† The earliest citation for this use is dated 1850; the most recent, 1994. Both are from American sources: â€Å"The good sailor who had caught ahold of her when she was fallin, told her to cheer up.† (1850) He grabbed ahold of the branches of the fallen aspen. (1994) The OED labels this use of ahold â€Å"chiefly regional† and â€Å"nonstandard.† The American dictionary M-W has two entries for ahold, one as an adverb and one as a noun. The adverb entry gives only the obsolete nautical definition. The noun entry views ahold as a â€Å"dialectal† version of â€Å"a hold.† According to this definition, ahold functions as a direct object in the expression â€Å"to get ahold of.† The Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary includes definitions of â€Å"to get ahold of† without labeling the expression as regional or nonstandard: to get ahold of something: to get something. â€Å"Drugs are too easy to get ahold of.† to get ahold of someone: to find or communicate with someone. â€Å"I’d like to get ahold of Debbie and talk to her about this.† These uses of ahold may be nonstandard, but they have certainly progressed beyond regional status. Here are some examples from the media: I have no idea where he would have gotten ahold of German pornography.  (Station director Ed Harken in the film Anchorman.) Im wondering who could have got ahold of your phone because it would have been in your coat, wouldnt it? (Dr. Watson, British television series Sherlock. Just wait until the news media gets ahold of this Foley story! (News blog) Can’t get ahold of qualified, prospective tenant? (Real estate forum) German television station RTL also got ahold of some images this week. (Photo caption, Spiegle Online International.) But  opponents of the background check system are apparently unconcerned about  potentially dangerous people getting ahold of firearms. (Article at Media Matters) Even when they can’t get ahold of enough borrowed shares, they might sell the shares anyway and simply fail to deliver them three days later when they are due. (Steven Pearlstein, columnist, Washington Post.) Such a manuscript would be extremely interesting and valuable. George, if you can somehow get ahold of it, that would be great. (Comment on a linguist listserve.) In my view, â€Å"get ahold of† has become an acceptable colloquialism for many speakers. Nevertheless, writers who wish to avoid censure had best replace it with â€Å"get hold of.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a Row50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The Mind-Body Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Mind-Body Problem - Essay Example The mind-body problem has been discussed, examined, and has perplexed philosophers for most of our recorded history. Obviously there should be no expectation of â€Å"solving† the problem through this discussion, but won’t stop me from trying. I intend to discuss the mind-body problem and its interpretation from one perspective, arguing against dualism but not for monism. The concept of body-mind dualism has some attractive qualities. The differing characteristics of the brain as a material and the mind as an experience are undeniable, and the disconnection is ideal if one wishes to escape the obvious mortality of the physical body. Monism can also be viewed in a positive light, as it gives the physical world meaning and adequately accounts for many of the mind-brain correlations that have been identified in neurobiology. The main problem with the existence of both dualism and monism lies within their inability to account for scientific findings. Any theory that attempts to explain the physical world should be relatively compatible with the findings of physics, psychology, and biology (physical world, the mind, and the body, respectively). Findings from neurobiological research have not added support for the existence of an engram (a neurological correlate of a cognitive process) (Sheena 221) and thus does not support either the dualistic approach or the monistic perspective as there has yet to be a meeting point or unity observed that can substantiate either theory. Similarly, physics research into fundamental particles has revealed ambiguity, as subatomic particles appear to exist in relational states (Wolfenstein and Silva 480) rather than as definite objects (the same or different) that can be account for by either philosophical theory of body and mind. To conclude, I have presented two examples from science that disagree

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Week one Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week one Discussion - Assignment Example 7). Likewise, these people were revealed to be alert and interested to indulge in various activities such as: â€Å"using the Internet for shopping, keeping in touch with family members, and learning about all sorts of topics. Theyre attending college classes, taking art lessons, and scheduling trips to Prague, Alaska, and Scandinavia† (Misconceptions About Aging, 2013, par. 10). 2. Research the aging theories discussed. Which one makes the most sense to you-why? Research a study on one aspect of aging and tell the class about it-be brief and cite your source. Do you agree with the study conclusions? There were two major categories of aging theories: biological and social theories (Lecture Notes: Topic 3: Theoretical Perspectives on Aging, 2013, p. 3). One believes that biological theories make most sense because physical changes naturally occur out of biological process which could not be prevented. One modern biological theory was the programmed theory which reportedly implies that â€Å"aging follows a biological timetable, perhaps a continuation of the one that regulates childhood growth and development. This regulation would depend on changes in gene expression that affect the systems responsible for maintenance, repair and defense responses† (Jin, 2010, par. 3). As such, Jin(2010) expounded that there are three sub-categories of the programmed theory which included: (1) programmed longevity, where the life span depends on apparent switching on and off of genes; (2) endoctrine theory, where homones were noted to control aging; and (3) immunological theory, where the immune system contributes to alleged propensities to contract illnesses that eventually shortens the life span. With the extensiveness and comprehensiveness of the study, one thereby agrees with the study and the author’s

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Dysfunction and Parannoia Essay Example for Free

Dysfunction and Parannoia Essay This just clarifies the fact that Henry is manipulative: the traitors are completely unaware anything is wrong, and the audience is given constant reminders to how Henry is about to act. He appears to act on the interest of the nation seeking no revenge and kill the traitors for our kingdoms safety. However it could be doubted that his leadership overrules his personal wants partly because he had already known of the plot for a while. This gives the thought that Henry had carefully been thinking of a scheme to make him not appear as a tyrant. When he accuses the traitors his language uses exaggeration. He uses rhetorical questions excessively, repeating why, so didst thou four times and compares the situation of the mens betrayal to Mans betrayal of god. This shows hes not revealing his true feelings, and trying to gain sympathy through a carefully planned act of making sure that it isnt perceived as him attaining personal revenge. Towards the end of the Act, Henry has developed into confident leader with the notion God is behind him. Through his speech he is portrayed as a manipulative leader who is sure of himself and what he is doing. This contrasts his previous speeches which portrayed him as weak and giving the appearance of being tough and eminent. It felt forced as he had been so unsure of himself and shows that such a strong, assertive stance taken in his later speech would have been genuine: we doubt not. The transformation from being unsure of what was morally acceptable as a leader to a man, who chose manipulation and execution, was incredibly sudden. It could be said however that the cause of different events led up to this new strong character or perhaps it was the fact that it became clear that his effective role as a leader was needed by more people than just himself. If Henry wouldve left the traitors to live, people would perceive him as weak and easily swayed. If he was to make the exception, his role as a weak leader could be taken advantage. This makes the suggestion that Henry sacrificed his personal interests for those of the nation as he comes to the realization that not doing so will lead his followers to becoming anarchists. However, Henry believes that to be a strong leader, there is no room for him to be humane which is conveyed through his manipulation in exposing the traitors. Henry. Being humane by showing mercy and being ruthless in regards to the role as a stronger leader, is meaningless. He makes the quick assumption that he is wrong in being moral and should be decisive and abide by the laws which isnt always the traits of a good leader. Henry uses the excuse for his previous (some may say tyrannical) actions for his success in leadership. This insinuates that he is good kind-hearted man who has had to sacrifice his own friendships for the sake of good leadership. However it could also evoke the fact that he is a tyrant using the excuses for leadership as excuses for his own revenge. Shakespeare hints at this through Henrys rhetoric and complex language contrasting with the inept and prose-written language of the common man. Regardless of this point, the audience can evidently see the commoners grief over Falstaffs death, whilst Henry sentences them, without showing his true feelings. This evokes Henrys cold character and suggests that underneath all the different surfaces of his nature, that he is ultimately a tyrant. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Pet Cemetery :: essays research papers

Pet Sematary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis Creed is a doctor who moves his family to Ludlow, Maine from Chicago because of a job he accepted as an MD at some University. His family (Rachel, his wife, Ellie, his daughter, and Gage, his baby son) are happy about moving, thought they soon will come to have reservations. Both children are hurt on the first day of the move.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis makes friends with an old man across the road named Jud Crandall, who promises to show them where the path behind their house leads. It is with these three seemingly innocuous events that the spiral in toward darkness begins.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The path behind the house ends up in a place known to the locals as the Pet cemetary. It is a graveyard for children's pets, most lost to the Interstate Road which seperates the Crandall's and the Creeds' homes. The gravestones are set in a spiraling pattern.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ellie has questions about death terrified that her cat Church will have to go to the Pet cemetary. Louis answers her honestly and later Rachel and him have an argument. She was Scared by the cemetary, and was uncomfortable with the idea of deth in general because at the age of eight Rachel witnessed her sister Zelda die of spinal Problems, an incident which scarred her for life. It only gets grimmer from here.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Louis's first day as a university MD is a horror. A guy named Victor Pascow is run over by a car. Before he dies he gives Creed an message warning him about the Pet cemetary and the grounds beyond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During Thanksgiving vacation, while Louis's family is away, the cat Church is killed by a truck. Jud offers to help Louis, and brings him to the Pet cemetary. They arrive at the Micmac Indian burial grounds. Jud has Louis bury Church and build a stone cairn over the grave. Slowly Louis realizes the cairns are arranged in a spiral, like the markers at the Pet Sematary. Later, when Louis is home alone, Church returns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The burial grounds make the dead come to life, but it has greater powers as well. It is a dark and secret place, a place which actually controlls matters of life, death, and obsession. After Church the cat returns he smells bad and acts vicious towards people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the family returns they decide to go to the park for a picnic.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Lost Names

True Identity There cornes a point In time In an Individual's life In which their name truly becomes a part of their identity. A name is more than just a title to differentiate people; It Is d part of the person. In Lost Names: Scenes from d Korean Boyhood by Richard E. Kim, names play a major role on the characters identities. The absence and importance of the names in the story make the story rich with detail and identity through something as simple as the name of a character. Names are a slgnlflcant actor affecting the story and the characters throughout the novel Lost Names.When the Koreans are forced to change their family names to Japanese ones, their Korean identity is weakened. Going through this traumatizing experience is extremely hard for the Korean people because their family name is everything to them. To the Koreans, the family name Is â€Å"the only legacy we hand down to the next generation and the next and the next' (113). Taking away their family name takes away th eir culture and attempts to convert them to the Japanese way of living, The family does ot react well to the situation, as their true names must be erased forever.The day that this takes place Is known as a day of mourning among all of the Koreans. They maln characters experiences this loss first had with his grandfather and father both grieving. â€Å"Lowering their faces, their tears flowing now unchecked, their foreheads and snow-covered hair touching the snow on the ground. l, too, let my face fall and touch the snow' (1 11). The family name is a big deal in the Korean culture, and being forced to change this completely devastates the entire family.A name gives people so much about themselves, and being stripped ot It can cause many Issues. Similarly, not even having a name can suggest some comparable issues. The way that the characters do not have any names suggests that they are â€Å"lost†. Richard Kim refers to the characters as Student-of-the-Day, Teacher-of-the-Day , Japanese teacher, Principal, and many more titles throughout the entire novel. He defines each character by their position. Calling a character by their position suggests that that is the only thing ot importance related to them.The way that they are not given specific names shows their Importance and Identity. â€Å"l call the names of one of my friends You take charge while I am gone† (130). â€Å"The principal tells the policeman who I am, the son of (130). Kim does not specifically refer to d person In the class, Instead any â€Å"one†, He refuses to write out the tathers name. The main character's name is never given either. Not giving specific names to each and every character of the story makes the reader wonder what the most essential part of a story missing really means.Each character is portrayed as a general position and nothing more. All of these characters must have the same general or stereotypical personality ds the rest of their â€Å"group† i n which they are categorized. The importance ot a name is the underlying identity ot the character. Along with unidentified characters. the title of this novel also portrays the Importance of names. The title of this book relates to many aspects of the story. Lost Names alludes to the fact that the names of the characters in the story are lost.It corresponds to the Identity crisis that most of the characters In the story go that are forced under the Japanese occupation. The conservation of the main character's name makes readers ponder upon the significance of the title of the book; the lost name of this story is this lost identity of the Korean population living under tyranny. In the subtitle Scenes from a Korean Boyhood, the author does not state the novel to be his boyhood, but rather suggests a boyhood. Kim chooses to leave this pronoun out in order to prove a more generalized view of humanity.The readers ould be forced to make these characters a general idea so that a concluded common idea for them is The people of Korea are having their identity stolen. The rights of the Korean people are not being granted. Their culture is all together being stolen. A similar thing is happening in America today. The National Security Agency, which is a part of the United States federal government, is monitoring many United States citizens' personal matters. The agency has the power to access any information that they feel necessary including Internet searches, text messages, and hone calls.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Significant Events That Led To Prussia’s Expansion

The rise of Prussia started with one man, Frederick William. Fredrick was the first major ruler of Prussia. Fredrick was important to the rise of Prussia because he was able to get a large standing army. To sustain a large army Fredrick had to tax his people. Having a large army was the key to Prussia’s expansion. During the Spanish war, he offered his army to the Holly Roman Empire and by doing so gave him the title of King of Prussia. Fredrick wanted Prussia to be a great power in Europe. To reach this goal he introduced a cabinet system of government. By doing this he could take full control of Prussia. He also enforced a General Directory, which united all areas of the Prussian empire. Due to Frederick’s rule the Prussian army was able to double within forty years. This meant that Prussia had the third largest army in Europe. When they only had the thirteenth largest population. Frederick used Prussia’s large army as a symbol of power and not to be used for dominance but his son Frederick the second had other ideas. Fredrick the second took advantage of the Prussian army. During his reign Fredrick the second attacked Austria and conquered Silesia during the Silesian war. Frederick II was able to claim polish territories to connect the empire. During his military campaigns he gained the title of Frederick the great. Frederick the great was also able to transform Prussia into an economically powerful state. After the conquering of Silesia Frederick was able to gain raw materials to fuel the Prussian infrastructure. He also added 150,000 acres of farmland, introduced new vegetables to harvest and introduced an indirect tax, meaning that the state would provide more revenue by this than it did with direct tax. Otto von Bismarck and the unification of Germany Otto von Bismarck was a skilled diplomat and was the chancellor of Prussia/Germany. Bismarck started many wars that led to Prussia’s dominance over Austria and France. Bismarck used both diplomacies and the Prussian military to achieve a unified Germany. Bismarck brought all the smaller states of Germany and combined them with Prussia, also making sure that Prussia was the most dominant state. Controlling both army and navy. In 1866 Bismarck had started a war with Austria that would cement Germany as one country. The Austro-Prussian war was a decider of who would have more German states. Due to Prussia having an alliance with Italy and better military tactician they were able to defeat Austria. This resulted in more German states under Prussian control over Austria. At the end of Bismarck reign he was able to say that he had connected Prussia with the northern German states creating one unified Germany.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Mixed American Essay examples

Mixed American Essay examples Mixed American Essay examples Mixed-American â€Å"There is a drill that nearly all Asians in America have experienced more times than they can count. Total strangers will interrupt with the absurdly existential question â€Å"What are you?† Or the equally common inquiry â€Å"Where are you from?†...†(1) Living in Southern California as a â€Å"Hispanic American†, I have definitely received those same exact questions countless times. Although I know they are of good intention, I usually like to throw out the answer they weren't looking for and watch them get frustrated with my not so serious answer. I'm sure Mission Hills, California doesn't seem as â€Å"exotic† as Sinaloa, Mexico might sound (which is where my father is from), but I would still much rather be here than over there. Even though we are only a few hours away from Tijuana, Mexico; I still haven't even been to any part of Mexico. However, my eventual answer is that my heritage, or â€Å"ethnicity† is Mexican-American. Helen Zia needed someone to question the origin of her name, actually guessing if it was Pakistani, to help her awaken her own personal American revolution. Up until then, Zia was, â€Å"someone living in the shadows of American society...†(1). Later on, while discussing civil rights with her friend Rose, Rose badgered her saying, â€Å"Helen, you've got to decide if you're black or white.†(1). Problem was, she still wasn't really sure what she saw herself as, since the term â€Å"Asian American† hasn't been coined yet. The problem with racially identifying yourself, is that it is a complicated mixture of information that you absorb sub-consciously, â€Å"Everybody learns some combination, some version, of the rules of racial classification, and of their own racial identity, often without obvious teaching or conscious inculcation. Race becomes "common sense"- a way of comprehending, explaining and acting in the world.†.(5) The main problem is, when you ask an Asian-American to racially define themselves, they may have trouble defining themselves, similar to Helen Zia, not being sure exactly what she is. Zia felt that other â€Å"Americans† viewed her as the enemy, so she would be discriminated even though she wasn't the person we were fighting at the time, let alone the correct â€Å"race†. Victor Wong went through similar situations, referring to his face as, â€Å"the face of the enemy.†(3). While we may have only been at war with one country from Asia at a time, whether it be with China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, etc., The average American who wasn't out to war with a gun, was at war with all Asians in their own communities using their hard head as their weapon instead, and boy was it effective. This mindset that people have against Asian groups, turns them into â€Å"perpetual foreigners†(4), who no matter how long they live in the United States, they will always be labeled as foreigners from another country. It is not fair that we treat the ancestors of those who came here in the 1800's, working hard in the mines, and plantations, helping build the nation to what it is today, with disrespect. Even if it is not a direct ancestor, we should not be prejudiced towards any Asian group, because we all did our part in developing this nation, so we all deserve a piece of the proverbial American pie. Choosing your race seems like something that is not up to you, it seems like something that other people make up to help define you so they can single you out and put you into some group. However, â€Å"The effort must be made to understand race as an unstable and "decentered" complex of social meanings constantly being transformed by political struggle.†(5). Victor Wong said he had to â€Å"make my own manual to live in this country.† because being Asian-American was not simple. Race is not set in stone, since it is a mixture of many forces that come together to define the race, it constantly change from time

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

The Everyday Blues

The Everyday Blues The Everyday Blues The Everyday Blues By Erin When I was a reporter for a small daily newspaper back in the late 90s, I had an editor whose biggest pet peeve was the misuse of the word everyday. His peeve has followed me into my professional life, and I cringe a little every time I see it being used improperly. Everyday, the single word, is an adjective describing something that happens daily (an everyday occurrence), or is common or usual. For example: Because I was going to be doing messy work, I wore my everyday clothes instead of my work clothes. Many people use the word everyday when they mean to use every day. When the two words are used separately, they are synonymous with each day. I eat peanut butter for lunch every day. Mistakes involving the use of the word everyday are common. Even famous musicians are guilty! Take Elvis Costello and his 1983 hit Everyday I Write the Bookits right there in the title: And Im giving you a longing look Everyday, everyday, everyday I write the book Of course, Mr. Costello meant to say Every day I write the book. But the mistake is forever immortalized. Going back a little further, we have the 1958 hit Everyday by Buddy Holly making the very same error: Everyday, its a gettin closer, Goin faster than a roller coaster, Love like yours will surely come my way As in the previous example, were talking about something thats happening each day, not describing something thats ordinary or common. When is it a-gettin closer? Every Day. Keep this difference in mind, and stop making this simple error an everyday occurrence! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?30 Words for Small Amounts

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Hatton Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hatton Gallery - Essay Example People from all walks of life, although learned and ingrained upon themselves the importance of "home" as well as its essence becoming a basic part of the human lifestyle rarely take a breather and view the "home" as an art. "Front Door, Back Gate" tries to encompass domesticity as theme on-going in Jeannie Finaley's exhibit at the Hatton Gallery. This exhibit is a yearly endeavour undertaken by the students from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. The exhibit also reflects the limited space of domestic life as well as the varying themes underlying actions, choices, moods, and between-the-line emotions. The group have chosen "interior" and exterior" as the sub-theme showing Hatton;s historical collection along with contemporary works giving a wider variety and balance on domesticity as an art. The group also used complementary home and garden furniture to exude comfort and create an atmosphere that welcomes. The vivid "Red Table" by Patrick Heron reflects love and solitude as well as denoting lifestyle and exuberance. Heron have an affinity for the vivid, exotic and captivating red, and this abstract still life painting shows an interior space with a table, a selection of everyday objects. The table seems to be set for one, which addresses sustenance, yet also gives a sense of solitude. Perhaps the time and comfort of home allowed the artist to look at these ordinary objects differently. The composition is inspired by forms and patterns extracted from the domestic surrounding, which allows more artistic freedom and activates the space around the objects. Simplicity adds a flare of innocence to the painting and invites the mind to think of the story of the place. It is provocative in a sense that red is played in various hues, contrasting with the bright yellow and yet implying connectivity. It is mysterious in a way that shapes are obscured but with details that strike out like questions. Leon Maurine's "Net" photograph shows direction and sense of belonging. Likewise, the "Net" curtain photograph also reflects aspiration, privacy, territory and voyeurism. This photograph shows a glimpse through a net curtain looking out onto a blurred view. The image creates a visual link between interior and exterior. The sheer layer of the net curtain infuses the two spaces. The image conveys a "pulse" of life on both sides. It makes us think about the time spent behind and beyond the net curtain. We commonly think of interior spaces as private and reflective. Often exterior spaces are more public and engaging. The relationship between domestic public and private spaces has never been static- its boundaries are changing with time and new ways of life. The details of the net, or crocheted curtain also invokes domesticity as a pained detail of art form. It is not something to be lightly taken, but with meditation and composure. One slip of the hook, or an extra count makes an imbalanced design and finish which juts out like a sore finger. Same thing is pictured with domestic life. Everything must be in harmony and although with various patterns, a part of a whole. Front Door, Back Gate Reasons for

Thursday, October 31, 2019

What is the importance of the United States Constitution Essay

What is the importance of the United States Constitution - Essay Example Every American to follow what is states in the constitution and a breach in the constitution of the country is a legal offence. The presidents, governors as well as all the leaders in the country take an oath that they would abide by the constitution and uphold the constitution for the smooth running of the country. The constitution of the country explains the division of power between the different bodies of the federal government as well the state government. The constitution also draws a line between the state and the federal government and explains the functions that are assigned to both the governments. It is owing to these differences that have been highlighted by the constitution that the states work in collaboration with the federal government for the good of the country as a whole. The constitution thus binds the different segments together for functioning and this provides for the progress of the country. The legal system also runs as per the laws put forward by the constitution of the United States. These laws are to be followed in all the courts and judicial systems in the country whether they are the state courts or the federal courts. Thus, the constitution also promotes the efficient working of the judicial system in the United States. The liberty and the freedom of speech that has been granted to every American are also provided by the constitution of the country. The constitution also allows the bearing of arms for self protection. The civil liberties enjoyed by the nationals as well as the immigrants are thus provided by the points laid out in the constitution. The constitution grants the greatest power to the American people and they can contest against injustice owing to the strength granted to them by the constitution. The constitution of the United States can correctly be called as the highest law in the country that it to be followed by each and every citizen. The president, members of the congress, senate as

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Capital Markets and Investment Banking Process Essay

Capital Markets and Investment Banking Process - Essay Example Investment banks usually perform three tasks: first, they assist the companies in designing the securities which have features that are most appropriate for a certain market; second, they buy these securities and third, they resell them to the investors. (Fabozzi, 2008) Investment banks raise capital for their client companies through underwriting in which it purchases a whole block of new securities and resells them to investors. In this way, the income earned is the difference of the amount given to purchase the new block of shares and the amount received by the investors. Apart from Merger & Acquisition (M&A) advisory services, a bank’s another integral and core function nowadays is Investment Management in which the bank manages the investments of clients. Security services are also an important feature for investment banks which include prime brokerage, financing and securities lending. Regardless of the activity undertaken by the investment bank, it needs to focus on its portfolio construction and management which will be done according to the portfolio strategy of the investment bank. This means the bank needs to make investments which ensure successful trading that could be done by making risk management a top priority. This would mean that if a company incurs a loss of on one of its investment, it should earn a profit of over 11% on another to make it even. In this way, the company needs to construct a portfolio of investments which ensures a favorable position for the company. (Fabozzi, 2008) Factors to Be Considered Selecting Asset Classes For An Investment Portfolio: Asset class means the different kinds of assets (e.g. bonds, equities and cash equivalents etc.), while making an investment portfolio, different classes of assets are added according to investment policies and objectives. For making an investment portfolio, it is generally considered that a well diversified portfolio is beneficial as it outweighs the losses through other profita ble investments. On deciding upon the asset classes, the companies need to consider asset allocation among different classes of assets. Studies show that 85 to 95% of investment’s returns are due to asset allocation policy and not selection of specific stocks or bonds. While selecting classes of assets, major considerations should be given to the capital market expectations as to which classes of assets are expected to outperform others in short, medium or long term. For example, if the stock market is expected to be weak, there should be more bonds in the portfolio. Other factors that need to be considered while deciding upon the asset allocation are the objectives of investment which would consider the timings, the need of the investment and the expected return of the investment by the client. Risk tolerance and risk policies need to be given special consideration in deciding upon the allocation of assets that should be in accordance to the bank and clients. Constraints ass ociated with asset classes like liquidity, taxes, regulations etc and capital market assumptions are also few factors that should be considered. (Chandra, 2009) Describe the Capital Market Instruments Used in Investment Portfolio Construction: The capital market is vital for a country as it matches the players who have excess funds with the ones who are in need of funds. The instruments are traded in these markets incurring a gain/loss on these securities.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Policy for Psychiatric Nursing in Ireland: Analysis

Policy for Psychiatric Nursing in Ireland: Analysis Critically evaluate the relevance of a  current national (Irish) strategic policy  document for your area of practice (Psychiatric nursing) Introduction As one of the most important facets of health care, nursing has been and remains one of the most undervalued and undeveloped professions (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leender (2005) state that countries need a national action plan for nursing as it assists in the development of the profession. They offer the following ten advantages, as evidence for the foregoing that shall aid in serving as a basis for the evaluation of the relevance of the present Irish national strategic policy for Psychiatric Nursing along with other inputs (Salvage and Leenders, 2005): The presence of a national action plan aids in reinforcing nursing goals, results and orientation in health care. Through the existence of a national action plan, nursing contributions can be optimized through the focusing of â€Å"†¦ nursing resources to achieve the best possible results and †¦ value for money† (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). A national action plan helps to â€Å"†¦ build and maintain vision for nursing †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). The preceding is a result of aiding nurses in maintaining their perspectives, which can be lost in the busy and demanding everyday demands of their profession. The existence of a national action plan can result in â€Å"†¦ a clearer sense of direction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). A ‘plan’ can aid in making â€Å"†¦ nursing achievements more visible †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) point to the fact that the contribution of nurses is acknowledged by clients and patients but not â€Å"†¦ in medical textbooks, conferences and influential discussions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . A ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ can spur nurses and their supporters to be more active †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and through strategic planning, a ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ helps to uncover or inspire unexpected new coalitions †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that can aid in these aspects working â€Å"†¦ together to improve health care †¦ (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). It, a ‘plan’, â€Å"†¦ can coordinate current nursing activities †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and aid in nurses identification of projects and innovations that are underway to incorporate these into practice as well as aiding in the development of frameworks for further improvements and implementation. A ‘plan’ can aid in the creation of â€Å",,, closer links between policy and practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). They explain that the policy making process is usually remote from those who are responsible to its implementation, and that through the utilization of a planning process that involves as well as includes the â€Å"†¦ services users, practitioners and †¦ policy makers †¦Ã¢â‚¬  aids in reducing the â€Å"†¦ gaps between thinking and action, data and perceptions, policy and operations, planning and implementation †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Through the existence of a ‘plan’ the profession of â€Å"†¦ nursing is more likely to win support from the people, policy makers and other professionals† if said ‘plan’ states clearly â€Å"†¦ where it is going and what it hopes to achieve (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). And finally, a ‘plan’ â€Å"†¦ can help nursing control its own work and future †¦ (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) explain that the existence of a ‘plan’ can aid in nursing controlling â€Å"†¦ its own work and future †¦Ã¢â‚¬  because traditionally they have â€Å"†¦ had little control over their destiny †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as a result of them â€Å"†¦ as the servants of another profession †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Salvage and Leenders, 2005). Salvage and Leenders (2005) argue that a ‘plan’ represents the â€Å"†¦ starting point for †¦ (nurses) †¦ becoming equal partners in health care work †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as in their relationships with the other professions in the field. In order to better understand the context of this examination, the definition of the profession of nursing is deemed an important underpinning. The ‘Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework’ defines nursing as a profession that â€Å"†¦ helps individuals, families and groups to determine and achieve their physical, mental and social potential †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000a). The definition goes on to add that nurses require â€Å"†¦ competence to develop and perform functions that promote and maintain health †¦ as well as prevent ill health† and that such â€Å"†¦ includes the (assessment) planning and giving of care †¦ (encompassing) †¦ the physical, mental and social aspects †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000). As the context of this examination represents the field of psychiatric nursing, the following definition as supplied by the ‘International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses’ (ISPN) pro vides clarity. They, ISPN, define this area of nursing, psychiatric, as â€Å"†¦ a specialized area of nursing practice committed to promoting mental health through the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of human responses to mental health problems and psychiatric disorders† (ISPN, 2006). The An Bord Altranais â€Å"†¦ was established by the Nurses Act, 1950, (An Bord Altranais, 2007a) â€Å"†¦ is the statutory body †¦(that) †¦ provides for the registration, control and education of nurses †¦ (and other matters) †¦Ã¢â‚¬  related to the practice of nursing in Ireland (An Bord Altranais, 2000). As of 2004, there were 76,045 nurses registered with the An Bord Altranais, as shown by the following (An Bord Altranais, 2007b): Table 1- Total of Nurses and Qualifications Registered (An Bord Altranais, 2007b) Nurses Registered Females Male Active Inactive Total Number of Nurses 60,774 15,271 70,231 5,814 76,045 Table 2 – Total of Nurses and Qualifications Registered Qualifications Registered (An Bord Altranais, 2007b) Females Male Active Inactive Total General 60,986 2,677 50,637 13,026 63,663 Psychiatric 8,301 3,525 9,566 2,260 11,826 Sick Children’s 4,578 51 3,759 870 4,629 Intellectual Disability 3,961 473 3,860 574 4,434 Midwifery 16,857 21 13,179 3,699 16,878 Public Health 2,551 1 2,084 468 2,552 Tutor 537 104 513 126 639 Other 585 26 290 321 611 Total 98,356 6,876 83,888 21,344 105,232 The examination of the Code of Conduct and other legislation shall be reviewed against the ten point standards of the World Health Organization and other documents in order to gauge the relevance of policies in this area. National Strategic Policy for Nurses in Ireland The strategic national policy document for the nursing profession in Ireland is generated by An Bord Altranais that states that the practice of nursing â€Å"†¦ should always be based on the principles of professional conducted †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as contained â€Å"†¦ in the latest version of the Code of Professional Conduct for each Nurse and Midwife †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board, 2000b) with practices contained in Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) and the Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001 as prepared by the Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST, 2001). The evaluation of the preceding documents shall be compared against the ten-point plan outline as put forth by Salvage and Leenders (2005) to serve as a guide. Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework The Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework for Ireland states that it utilizes the ANMC National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse, Australian Nursing Midwifery Council, (ANMC, 2006) as its basis for the determination of â€Å"†¦ regulations, organizational policies and procedures †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) as support in its practice setting. The Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework (SoP DMF) states that the determinations concerning the â€Å"†¦ scope of practice need to be †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006) 1. â€Å"proactive†, 2. â€Å"responsive to internal and external forces†, 3. â€Å"flexible; and†, 4. â€Å"able to provide guidance in decision making by both the individual nurse †¦ and the profession as a whole†. The SoP DMF indicates that the foregoing â€Å"†¦ is applicable to all nurses and midwives across all practice settings †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and tha t such have been put into force to ensure â€Å"†¦ that practice decisions are based on the individual context and patient †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as opposed to the â€Å"†¦ defining nursing †¦ by tasks or procedures† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The latitude offered from the preceding represents room for individual interpretation that can and also cannot be a wise choice in a profession that represents the fragile state of mind of patients under psychiatric care. Evidence of the problem in having such broad latitude is presented in an article by Sean Fleming â€Å"Psychiatric Abuse of Ireland† which details accounts of the use of drugs in treatment that were either later found to be inappropriate, and or had side effects that worsened the patients condition (Fleming, 2005). Such is also the subject of a report issued by ‘Aware’, a voluntary organization devotes to assist those who are afflicted with depression (Aware, 2007a). The report mentions the continuity of care with regard to psychiatric services as an area needing improvement along with eighteen other points and represents an aspect that the broad latitude in interpretation (Aware, 2007b). And while every instance of care treatment cannot be categ orized, and set forth procedurally, guidelines represent an effective means to provide tighter controls as well as instructions and steps that nurses can utilize when appropriate. Salvage and Leenders (2005) under item 4 indicate that a national action plan provides â€Å"†¦ a clearer sense of direction †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and under item 8 states that the existence of a ‘plan’ can aid in the creation of â€Å",,, closer links between policy and practice. The SoP DMF states that through providing transparency in its policy that it â€Å"†¦ greatly benefits all nurses and that it thus â€Å"†¦ provides an effective tool †¦ nurses can maximize their nursing practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in the standards of the profession. It states that there are six figures, with â€Å"†¦ each supported by a set of guiding principles† that can assist nurses in the discussion as well as clarification of â€Å"†¦ practice issues with their colleagues and employers† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The preceding are 1. â€Å"Guiding Principles for Map of Role Relationships among Health Personnel†, 2. Guiding Principles for Improving the Health Outcomes of the Patient†, 3. Guiding Principles for Delegation among Nurses and Midwives, 4. Guiding Principles for Delegation to Students of Nursing, 5. Guiding Principles for Delegation to Unlicensed Health Care Workers; and, 6. Guiding Principles for Maximising th e Scope of Practice for Registered Nurses and Midwives (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The Sop DMF states that these â€Å"†¦ six figures highlight the importance of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1. â€Å"clinical assessment by the registered nurse or midwife†, 2. â€Å"lawful authority†, 3. â€Å"preparation and experience†, 4. â€Å"risk management†, 5. â€Å"confidence†, 6. â€Å"competence†, 7. â€Å"delegation by the registered nurse or midwife: and†, 8. â€Å"acceptance of the delegation and the required level of supervision (direct or indirect† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The foregoing harkens back to the room for latitude and actually indicates under item number 1 that nurses are making clinical assessments. This also stated, assessment, under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework April 2000† (Nursing Board, 2006b). The foregoing analysis with regard to the latitude is indicated in the Sop DMF d ocument under Figure 2. ‘General Principles for Improving the Health Outcomes of the Patient’ which states under â€Å"patient †¦ Clinical Assessment †¦ have I considered the consequences of my planned action?† (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The following further illustrates this issue (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006): The Figure indicates that if the answers to all questions are ‘yes’ that the nurse should proceed, and that if there is a ‘no’ answer to any question, then the nurse should seek advice on the issue (Nursing Board of Tasmania, 2006). The preceding represents a procedural attempt to shore up the wide latitudes present in the guidelines, still leaving room for varied interpretations. Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001 The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ represents a copulation of statutory material that was obtained as a result of the utilization of electronic searching in the sites of Lexis Nexus, Canlii, Austlii and other legal sites. The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ indicates that there were legislation aspects that could not be accessed and other measures utilized, with an instance whereby no data could be obtained (DEST, 2001). The preceding means that the document is not wholly complete. The ‘Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001’ also adds the documents from which it was based, in some instances, referred to other documents and or legislation or regulations and standards that were not included is what was accessed, and were unavailable for use in formulating the document as a whole (DEST, 2001). Interestingly this supports the broad latitude contention as mentioned under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework† in that it states â€Å"Given the complexity and variability of the sources of information about the standards of nursing practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that it is reasonable â€Å"†¦ nurses might experience some difficulty in keeping abreast of these issues† (DEST, 2001). The preceding is explained in the document as representing the difficulties in the interpretation of the ‘†¦ intent of the legislation (DEST, 2001). DEST (2001) indicates that the primary objective of â€Å"†¦ statutory regulation †¦ is the protection of the public. The utilization of the copulation technique to derive the document obviously has flaws that need correcting, however, the fact that the government of Ireland has recognized the need to produce such a document represents a critical step in the right direct, as espoused by Salvage and Leen ders (2005). Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005 The National Health Strategy â€Å"Quality and Fairness – A Health System for You†, as stated in the document â€Å"†¦ was announced by the government †¦ to provide vision and strategic direction for the health and personal social services† and identifies â€Å"†¦ a 121 point Action Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as central to implementation of a nationwide strategy and put varied â€Å"†¦ aspects of the Strategy into †¦ action (Department of Health and Children, 2005). Under National Goal No. 1, item 2, it sets forth the â€Å"Statements of Strategy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  with regard to â€Å"†¦ all relevant Government Departments †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that are to devise guidelines and strategy statements for human resources as well as other areas. Its relevance to this examination lies in the preceding. A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy This document represents â€Å"†¦ a comprehensive model of mental health service provision for Ireland† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). Under item 1.5 ‘Vision’, the document sets forth that its policy represents the creation of â€Å"†¦ a mental health system that addresses the needs of the population †¦ as a result of focusing â€Å"†¦ on the requirements of the individual† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). The ‘Policy Framework’ indicates that its purpose is to create â€Å"†¦. A systematic framework and plan for mental health †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health and Children, 2006). This aspect represents the reference to psychiatric nursing, which is the subject of this examination. The document covers ‘Mental Health in Ireland’ covering the differing disciplines, along with â€Å"Implementation† that defines relationships in the management of mental health and the plan to b ring the diverse aspects into closer proximity from the present system that â€Å"†¦ has encouraged isolation of catchments from each other †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which â€Å"†¦ has hindered the development of specialist services† (Department of Health and Children, 2006). The broad areas covered under â€Å"Manpower, education and training †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ sets forth â€Å" †¦ the education and training required to produce competent professional personnel †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Department of Health and Children, 2006). This document does not provide the details of policy and other facets of specificity related to strategic policy for psychiatric nursing, which are contained under â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework† and â€Å"Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001† in limited fashion. It, the document – â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy† does recognize that there are â€Å"Shortcomings in Current Education and Training†, but its usefulness as a policy statement for psychiatric nursing is not its intention. Conclusion The present strategic policy for psychiatric nursing in Ireland is an area that is still under development. The varied documents reviewed, â€Å"Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework†, â€Å"Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001†, â€Å"Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005†, and â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy† as well as other documents referenced herein are in the evolutionary stages. This incompleteness does not actually represent a cause for too much concern and the Government of Ireland, through the issuance of these documents, acknowledges the deficiencies in this area and have set about the process to correct this aspect as stated in â€Å"Quality And Fairness: A Health System for You Action Plan Progress Report 2005† under National Goal No. 1, as well as in â€Å"A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Poli cy†. Salvage and Leenders (2005) indicate the global problem concerning nursing policy and strategy, and the importance of having such plans in place, or under development to enable the profession to achieve higher standards and more connectivity with the field of medicine in general. They, Salvage and Leenders (2005), state that strategic plans are extremely important in providing the foundation for frameworks to develop that will increase the proficiency of the profession through documentation that can be thus shared, compared and utilised for further refinement. Ireland is in the beginning stages of this evolutionary process, as is the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries owing to their lack of attention and importance concerning the contributions of the field of nursing. The criticisms levied at the broad interpretational latitudes that exist in present policy statements in Ireland as found under the document prepared by the Sop DMF concerning the â€Å"Scope of Nurs ing and Midwifery Practice Framework† is an outgrowth of this developmental process. Clearly, a great deal of work still stands before the various governmental agencies and departments in achieving a substantive document that achieves the objective of providing nurses engaged in psychiatric care with the guidelines and procedures to enable them to weave their way through the difficult profession they are engaged in. The present plans, though incomplete, do represent a means whereby psychiatric nursing leaders have a platform to move forward from to collaborate in revising and amending what is established. The preceding is acknowledged by Salvage and Leenders (2005) as a huge as well as important step in the right direction. Bibliography An Bord Altranais (2000) An Board Altranais: The Code of Professional Conduct for each Nurse and Midwife, April 2000. An Bord Altranais An Bord Altranais (2007b) Nurse Registration Statistics – 2004. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/ An Bord Altranais (2007a) Role and Functions of An Bord Altranais. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/ ANMC (2006) National Competency Standards for the Registered Nurse. Australian Nursing Midwifery Council Aware (2007) Aware. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.aware.ie/ Aware (2007b) Suicide in Ireland: A Global Perspective and a National Strategy. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.aware.ie/online books/suicide.html Department of Health and Children (2006) A Vision for Change Report of the Expert Group on Mental Health Policy. Department of Health and Children Department of Health and Children (2005) Quality and Fairness – A Health System for You: Action Plan Progress Report 2004. Department of Health and Children DEST (2001) Standards for the Scope of Nursing Practice 2001. Retrieved on 13 January 2007 from http://www.dest.gov.au/archive/HIGHERED/nursing/pubs/nurse_regulation/3.htm Fleming, S. (2005) Psychiatric Abuse in Ireland. Retrieved on 14 January 2007 from http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/PsychiatricAbuseinIreland.htm ISPN (2006) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Scope Standards. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.ispn-psych.org/docs/standards/scope-standards-draft.pdf Nursing Board (2000b) Guidance to Nurses and Midwifes on the Development of Policies, Guidelines and Protocols, December 2000. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/publications/Guidance2000.pdf Nursing Board (2000a) Scope of Nursing and Midwifery Practice Framework April 2000. Retrieved on 12 January 2007 from http://www.nursingboard.ie/PolicyGuidelines/SNMidwifePractiFworkApril2000/scope.html Nursing Board of Tasmania (2006) Scope of Nursing Practice Decision Making Framework: February 2006. Nursing Board of Tasmania Salvage, J., Leenders, F. (2005) National Action Plans for nursing and midwifery, In Salvage, J., Heijnen, S. (2005) Nursing in Europe: A resource for better health. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, ISSN 0378-2255

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Complex Moral Issue of Stem Cell Research Essays -- Biology Biolog

The Complex Moral Issue of Stem Cell Research Works Cited Missing For Sale: One small miracle in a bassinet. Will cure AIDS, cancer, acne, possibly bad breath and athletes foot. Limited supply only, so call and reserve your miracle cure now, a.k.a. Human Fetus. Only a couple of years ago the ad above would have seemed like something from a science fiction novel. However, now the pages of that novel are coming to life. In 1998, James Thompson, a biology student from the University of Wisconsin, isolated the first embryonic stem cell. Contrary to the sound of its name, a stem cell is actually a human fetus that has been aborted and allowed to "develop for up to twelve days or until he is about 100 cells big" (Sullenger). Scientists are now conducting research on these stem cell lines. A stem cell line comes directly from a single embryo. After that line is fully developed "it can reproduce indefinitely, allowing hundreds of researchers to work with cells from a single line" (Meckler). As of right now, there are only 64 stem cell lines existing i n the United States. Out of those 64, only 24 or 25 are fully developed and ready for research. The research done on these cells is meant to find cures for diseases such as Leukemia, AIDS and other forms of cancer. There are many controversies concerning this area of research. The main one is whether or not the research done on human fetuses is a violation of a human being’s life. The ones who say that it is not a violation believe that life doesn’t start until the day of birth. On the other hand, those who do believe it is a violation say that the life of a human begins the minute they are conceived. In order to obtain the stem cells, researchers must get the cells from an abor... ...cures for all sorts of ills, from diabetes and heart disease to Alzheimer’s -all without taking a single additional embryo" (Lemonick). On the other hand, there was still the issue of whether it’s morally right to kill a human in experiamentation. To many, it seems like a waste for scientists to create stem cells only to do experiments on them, and then get rid of them when they are done, "in effect, these humanistic apologists have created an entire group of throw-away people, whose lives only have meaning in how they can serve the rest of humanity" (Sullenger). This is one issue that won’t be easily resolved, and it may never come down to being able to order a miracle cure over the tv. We live in an age of scientific discovery, and with that, anything is possible. There might even be a way for people to agree on the moral issues of the subject in the future.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

In Conjunction With Other Professionals Education Essay

For my arrangement I was based at Mayfield Special School in Torquay. It has about 100 students aged 2-19. Many of the kids will go to the school for the whole 17 old ages. The kids at the school are divided into 2 wide groups. Those with terrible larning troubles ; communicating, ocular damage and developmental hold, frequently with associated challenging behavior. ( SLD ) . The other group is comprised of kids with profound and multiple acquisition troubles – the bulk of these students need high degrees of support in all countries, most are unable to stand, or walk and many need aid in personal attention and medical demands. A batch of the instruction for ( PMLD ) is based around a centripetal course of study.RationaleMainstream Policy and SEN Children The issue of the integrating of kids with particular educational demands ( SEN ) into mainstream school enterprises has become non merely a modern-day political inquiry about the best manner to run the instruction system, but is, for some, besides a argument on societal justness ( Conner and Ferri, 2007 ) . This is one ground I chose to take portion in the complementary arrangement at Mayfield School. Rachael Hurst, undertaking manager of Disability Awareness in Action, feels that merely when every kid with a disablement or particular educational demand has the right to all mainstream school policy will existent equality have been achieved in the instruction system ( Inham, 2009 ) . Similarly, Oliver ( 1996 ) , argues that in being denied entree to the same course of study and enterprises as everyone else, the educational chances of kids with SEN will stay limited. This means they are non treated as peers to other kids, and is what brought me to make up one's mind to utilize my histo ry and geographics specialisms and cognition of doing connexions with outside bureaus to bring forth a Learning Outside The Classroom ( Lotc ) initiative on their behalf. Relationships with instructors and other Professionals I wished to develop my accomplishments in pass oning between different professionals and in covering with differing sentiments. I hence turned my attending towards the attitude of the instructors every bit good as other educational professionals inside and outside the school, including non-recorded negotiations and more formal Dictaphone recorded interviews with Speech Therapists, Physiotherapists and Educational Officers, which aided the production of all work undertaken ( Frost, 2005 ) ( Appendix 10a, B, degree Celsius, vitamin D, vitamin E, degree Fahrenheit, g, H ) . Baker and Gottlieb ( 1980 ) , along with Galloway and Goodwin ( 1987 ) , have argued that because educational professionals are responsible for implementing any authorities policy within the instruction system, they have an tremendous influence over whether they are successful or non ( Leyser and Abrams, 1983 ; Vlachou, 1997 ) . Professionals ‘ attitudes besides play a cardinal function in the success or failure of the moves towards larning outside the schoolroom, every bit good as other authorities policy. As such, the purpose of this undertaking was to analyze the attitudes of all involved to help the production of the enterprise ( Thompson, 2003 ) . Deriving a better apprehension of â€Å" SEN † and the differences in instruction and acquisition at Mayfield Special School compared to my mainstream teaching method. While this was non something planned in the initial question, it became highly relevant when seeking to bring forth work on behalf of the school, and decidedly defined my attitudes on particular instruction needs that I had n't first idea of in my professional development. The definition of SEN is defined In the Particular Educational Needs Code of Practice ( DfES, 2001a ) . It states on the one manus, that ‘there are no difficult and fast classs of particular educational demand ‘ , that ‘every kid is alone ‘ and that ‘there is a broad spectrum of particular educational demands that are often inter-related ‘ ( DfES, 2001a, Section 52 ) . Farrel ( 2003 ) high spots these as of import points when seeking to supply for any kid with an extra demand, or so any kid in your attention, and this became highly of import when working on the purposes of the undertaking. It states, nevertheless, that ‘there are specific demands that normally relate to pec uliar types of damage ‘ , and that ‘individual students may hold demands which span two or more countries ‘ , however, the ‘needs and demands can usefully be organised into countries ‘ ( DfES, 2001a, Section 53 ) . These include communicating, knowledge, behavior, and sensory. It should be noted, nevertheless, that it is frequently the instance that all kids, irrespective of the SEN statement, could endure in one or more of these countries, and it is good pattern to cognize how to cover with these countries for the benefit of all kids ( King-sears, 2008 ) . This is something I wholly agree with, and larning how to learn kids with terrible larning demands whilst on arrangement will assist me learn all kids in my hereafter pattern, and besides aided the production of all the work undertaken on arrangement. This brings me to the decision that the inquiry for this undertaking remained as follows ; In concurrence with other professionals identify inclusive outdoor larning chances on the school evidences every bit good as possible local resources that can be brought to the school and eventually possible site visits, all of which can associate to the school ‘s course of study and doctrine ( McGee et al, 1987 ) .Undertaking AimsThe initial purposes for this Undertaking, recorded in the proposal included the followers: My Preliminary Purpose: Identify out-of-door instruction chances presently on offer throughout the school. Identify scholars ‘ demands. How are the activities monitored/linked to the course of study? Check the hazard appraisal processs. Meet with category instructors and other professionals. Look at all course of study programs ( peculiarly History and Geography ) . Accompany categories on bing visits. My Secondary Purpose: Identify and measure where certain local resources linked to the course of study could be introduced. Investigate sensory and affectional acquisition in out-of-door instruction. My Concluding Purpose: Report back with findings in an enterprise to Colin May to be delivered to all staff. In world, these purposes did alteration. It was decided that some would remain, others would be adjusted and more were added as the arrangement went on. A contemplation of the purposes that were eventually carried out is as follows: Early on Aims ( foremost 2 hebdomads ) Identify out-of-door instruction chances presently on offer throughout the school, every bit good as new possibilities. ( Appendix 1a ) Identify scholars ‘ demands. Meet with category instructors and other professionals. How are the activities monitored/linked to the course of study? ( Appendix 1b,2a, b,3a, B, degree Celsius, d,5a ) Accompany categories on bing visits. ( Appendix 10b, H ) Latter Aims ( informed by early purposes ) Expression at and reexamine the History and Geography plans for the primary section. ( Appendix 2 ) Development of larning on the school evidences and the polly-tunnel. ( Appendix 3 ) Identify and measure where certain local resources linked to the course of study could be introduced on more of a long-run footing, as portion of the secondary course of study reappraisal. ( Appendix 4,5 ) Create hazard appraisal counsel for school visits and originative partnerships. ( Appendix 6 ) Make a acquisition outside the schoolroom policy ( Appendix 7 ) .Literature ReviewSEN Children and Learning Outside the Classroom. The DCSF ( 2008 ) define larning outside the schoolroom as:â€Å" The usage of topographic points other than the schoolroom for learning and larning p.3 † **This has since been changed to include the usage of external instruction professionals in the school environment. ( Lotc, 2010 ) Learning done outside the schoolroom is frequently the most memorable learning experience. ( Clark, 2003 ) It allows students to do sense of the universe around them, ( Richardson, 2006 ) doing links between feelings and larning. ( Hooper-Greenhill, 2007 ) It can besides act upon kids ‘s values and let them to reassign larning experient outside the schoolroom and frailty versa. ( Austin, 2007 ) In respect to Mayfield and its school doctrine there was immense potency for kids to better their apprehension of the universe, their accomplishments, values and their affectional sphere based on enhanced experiences and accomplishments. ( Barrett, 2006, Buckley et Al, 2003, Bilton et Al, 2005, Denham & A ; Weissberg, 2003, McGee et Al, 1987, Oatley & A ; Johnson-Laird, 1995 ) . LOTC ‘s importance â€Å" can be even greater for people whose mercantile establishments are restricted by physical, mental or centripetal damage, than for other members of the community † ( Pearson, 2004, p.4 ) . It enables the kids of Mayfield to â€Å" discontinue thought of themselves as unequal people compared with able-bodied, and can come to recognize that they have their ain peculiar part to do † ( Pearson, 2004 p.5 ) . Learning outside the schoolroom is non an terminal in itself, but instead a vehicle to develop the capacity to larn. ( Austin, 2007 ) ( Appendix 9 ) It ‘s a model that encourages the usage of milieus and communities outside the schoolroom. ( Heath, 2004, Sefton-Green, 2008 ) It is besides a all right chance for immature people to build their ain acquisition and let them to populate successfully in the universe that surrounds them ( Swain, 1993, Sonja et Al, 2009, Oatley & A ; Johnson-Laird, 1995 ) . It besides had, and will go on to hold, good chances for the kids of Mayfield to add context to classroom acquisition. It can take to a deeper apprehension of constructs that span beyond traditional capable boundaries, which are often hard for some kids. ( Durbin, Morris, 1990, 1996, Braund, Reiss, 2004, Nesbitt, 1988, Virginia, 1988 ) Learning outside the schoolroom allows for a different teaching method, which will advance existent accomplishment for all scholars, including topic based acquisition, believing and job resolution, life accomplishments such as co-operation, interpersonal communicating and sometimes facing conditions that we are non used to. ( Parkinson & A ; Manstead, 1992, Pearson, Aloysius, 1994 ) Learning outside the schoolroom is, by its really nature, an inclusive pattern, which allows the interrupting down of barriers to engagement, ( Pearson, Aloysius, 1994, Carnegie UK Trust, 1985, Richardson, 2006 ) it allows a multi-sensory attack to larning through what we see, hear, gustatory sensation, touch, odor and emotionally â€Å" feel † . This is due to the physical, ocular, realistic and emotional nature of larning outside the schoolroom. ( Bilton et al, 2005, Austin, 2007, Playwork Partnerships, 2005 ) What are the benefits for SLD and PMLD kids? When experiences are good planned, safely managed and differentiated to run into the demands of every kid at Mayfield, kids will be able to: Improve academic accomplishment Supply a span to higher order larning Develop accomplishments of independency in a broadening scope of environments Make larning more piquant and relevant to immature people ( Appendix 9 ) Develop active citizens and stewards of the environment Raising creativeness Provide chances for informal acquisition through drama ( Appendix 9 ) Stimulate, inspire and better motive Develop the ability to cover with uncertainness Provide chance to take acceptable degrees or hazard Develop a degree of empathy and emotional intelligence. ( DCSF, 2008, Pearson, Aloysius, 1994, Carnegie UK Trust, 1985 ) Legislation, disablement and out of the schoolroom visits Academic reading done during this faculty has taught me that, now more than of all time, there is an chance for all scholars, irrespective of demand, to profit from larning outside the schoolroom ( Pearson & A ; Aloysius, 1994, Dcsf, 2008, Carnegie UK Trust, 1985 ) . This is backed by a push in authorities statute law to increase the inclusiveness of public countries of instruction, every bit good as more inclusive educational reforms, including the 1981 Act on Special Needs, 1988 Education Reform Act and the 1992, Education Bill, every bit good as Every Child Matters ( 2003 ) ( Warnock, 1978 ) . The focal point of any success of this undertaking laid in the thought of understanding the scholars ‘ single demands, kids working to the QCA P-scales ( 2005 ) , and besides an ability to traverse associate these demands to the other professionals we would utilize in the hereafter, ( Frost, 2005 & A ; Thompson, 2003, Appendix 1b,2a, b,3a, B, degree Celsius, d,5a ) . Contemporary statute law including The Particular Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 and the amended Disability Discrimination Act 2005 ensured that as a school Mayfield could be more bullish in its attack to larning outside the schoolroom. This statute law makes it improper for instruction suppliers to know apart against handicapped students and to guarantee handicapped people are non disadvantaged in comparisonA with people who are non disabled. This is supported by educational enterprises, viz. the Particular Educational Needs Code Of Practice, Excellence and Enjoyment, Every Child Matters and Learning Outside the Classroom, the 1978 Warnock study must besides be taken into history. The Act on Children with Special Educational Needs, 1981, 2001, Education Reform Act, 1988 and the Education Bill, 1992 attempt and guarantee that any kid, irrespective of demand, could hold their instruction provided for ( DfES, 2001a ) , and should hold the intervention of any student in regard to entree and accomplishment ( DfEE, 1999, DfES, 2001a, B, 2003a, 2004, 2006, DoH, 2001 ) . Possible future authorities policy besides shows a demand to go on bring forthing effectual programs to let all kids, irrespective of demand, to accomplish mainstream enterprises like larning outside, with a â€Å" reappraisal of SEN proviso † required ( Alexander, 2009, DCSF, 2009 ) . It was noted during my clip at the school that public acquisition services and educational officers have made immense paces in seeking to supply for people with physical and centripetal disablements, with proviso for ocular damage, in peculiar, blooming. ( West, 1994, Green, 1999, Clarke, 2003, Swain, 1993 ) And while no particular needs school can claim to hold the same needs as any other, it was ever soothing to be bring forthing something that had been done by others in similar fortunes. This can be seen by Claremont school in Bristol whose timetable includes at least one school outing a hebdomad. This can be anything from a trip to the local stores or taking a group of kids on a visit to a local country of involvement. The ethos of larning outside the schoolroom is embedded in the school ‘s course of study and is seen as a important portion of assisting to develop the life accomplishments of the 57 students aged between two to 19, who have severe, profound or multiple acquisition troubles, it was this instance survey that allowed us to develop the acquisition outside the schoolroom policy with assurance. ( Andalo, 2010 ) Health and safety, hazard appraisal and Mayfield School In recent old ages at that place have been a figure of high profile incidents affecting students from schools engaged in school visits. Some have tragically resulted in pupil deceases. The resulting promotion has produced strong reactions ( Appendix 10e ) . It has to be understood, nevertheless, that a big figure of visits take topographic point across the state each twenty-four hours without such media promotion, and to bring forth a balanced instruction for kids larning outside the schoolroom is critical. ( Braund, Reiss, 2004 ) Of class there are hazards involved in working outside the confines of a schoolroom. One consequence of the recent batch of high profile incidents is improved counsel and support for instructors. ( DfES, 1998, 2002, 2003b, National Association for Field Studies Officers, 1998, Devon.Gov, 2010a, B, degree Celsius, Techernet, 2010 ) This support was reviewed during the production of the hazard appraisal counsel on behalf of the school, but a point besides taken into consideration, during the preparation, by my co-workers and myself was the sentiments of the schoolroom instructors about the bureaucratism and the malaise felt when taking kids out. With this cognition we ensured the easiest and quickest manner in which to organize a visit as advocated by Shepherd ( 2010 ) ( Appendix 6 ) . Relationships with instructors every bit good as other professionals Another facet of this complementary arrangement was continued focal point on my professional and collaborative working, and how to put up successful partnerships. This became such an of import issue for my personal development but besides became a point of research when covering with Lotc and making successful partnerships, Thompson ( 2003 ) defines the usage of partnership as â€Å" Meaningless unless they improve the services we provide. † ( Thompson, 2003, preamble ) And in relation to Lotc work ; â€Å" The nucleus point of making partnerships is doing your ends towards larning more accomplishable or widening on the acquisition already taking topographic point. † ( Thompson, 2003, p.3 ) As advocated by the DCSF ( 2008 ) themselves, outdoor larning partnerships are a cross-sector confederation in which persons, groups or administrations agree to work together to carry through an duty, or set about a specific undertaking ; portion the hazards every bit good as the benefits ; and reexamine the relationship on a regular basis, revising their understanding as necessary. It is about accomplishing more with a spouse than you would pull off by yourself ( Thompson, 2003 ) . It was this increased thought that produced a usher for the instructors of Mayfield detailing how they can put up Lotc experiences ( Appendix 8 ) . It besides helped me to develop my working relationships with many different staff members during my stay at Mayfield ( Appendix 10e, degree Fahrenheit, g ) . Through experience and analyzing literature I have since learnt that I can make solid and permanent partnerships with people because I am able to stay by the undermentioned good patterns: Have common purposes, acknowledge the being of a common end and have a shared vision of what the result should be. ( Appendix 10c, vitamin D ) Have an in agreement program of action or scheme to turn to the job concerned. Have flexiblity in that they seek to suit the different values and civilizations of take parting administrations ( this has to work both ways ) . Exchange information and have agreed communicating systems. Have agreed decision-making constructions. Share resources and accomplishments Respect, reciprocality, pragmatism and risk-taking from both parties. ( Thompson, 2003, Mills, 1996 )MethodologyMy originative interviews and their cogency When make up one's minding which methods to utilize for the undertaking it did non take long for me to settle on the thought of interviews and literature reading, because I by and large favour techniques that gather qualitative informations. Whilst reading about interviews, I identified the thought of originative interviewing used by Douglas ( 1985 ) . The originative interview runs more like a conversation than a structured interview, there are no fixed inquiries and the flow of the interview depends wholly on the interviewee ‘s replies ( Holstien and Gubrium, 1995 ) . The focal point in originative interviews is forging an ambiance of familiarity and trust, in which the interviewee feels their cognition is valued, in Douglas ‘s words ; â€Å" The originative interviewer is the servant of cognition and wisdom who must go a suppliant to those who have both † ( Douglas, 1985, p.55 ) . You go into an interview ready to listen and larn, non show how much you know on the subject ( through educational slang, or pressured oppugning ) , otherwise you can do the interviewee feel like their cognition is worthless or thankless. This will be really of import when covering with possible locales for outside acquisition, which may non hold educational expertness, and this did work peculiarly good with interviews undertaken outside of Mayfield School ( Douglas, 1985 ) . This method seemed appropriate for my subject, as I needed to detect what people ‘s attitudes are, which can be debatable, as people are non ever forthcoming with them. Douglas argues that people are of course guarded and the interviewer must make more than merely inquire a inquiry to acquire a true reply. Therefore, the purpose of the originative interview is to try to set people at easiness so they can show their existent attitudes, this tends to supply valid consequences, intending the consequences will reflect the truth of the state of affairs being researched. ( Haralambos, 1983, Haralambos and Holborn, 2004 ) I did experience nevertheless, when talking to members of Mayfield both in recorded interview and informal confabs, that they did n't ever give honest replies, I conclude that this is to make with force per unit area on instructors to be up to day of the month with all authorities policy, and to non be making so someway makes you unequal ( Campbell et al, 1992, Mahon ey, 1997, ATL, 2009 ) , it was besides interesting working with the lone male instructor in the school, who frequently remained really restrained and obstinate on the topic of a Lotc policy in peculiar ( Smedley, 2006, MacBeath, 2006, Mitchell, 2005 ) . Mauthner ( 2002 ) points out that in nonsubjective â€Å" scientific † methods there is small thought to whether a inquiry, and the available replies, will intend the same thing to all the participants. In interviews, nevertheless, this does n't count every bit much, because people are given the opportunity to explicate their attitudes without holding to suit them into rigorous classs, such as â€Å" strongly agree † , or â€Å" disagree † , they can explicate why they agree and how strongly they agree with an issue ( Douglas, 1985 ) . It could besides be argued that interviews, if non-threatening and non-judgmental, can take to people showing ideas they might non voice in mundane life for fright of opinion from other people. This is because they are given the opportunity to explicate and support why they feel a peculiar manner, without fearing rejection from equals, this is something that worked peculiarly good with certain co-workers, normally off record but so me grounds can be seen in Appendix 10e, degree Fahrenheit, g. This besides shows a existent mark of cogency in any consequences gathered. The downside to my in-depth, qualitative interviews is that while they are by and large reasonably valid they tend non to hold representative samples, intending they can non be easy generalised to a wider population ( Haralambos and Holborn, 2004 ) . This has affected my assignment in that I am unable to prosecute with any quantitative informations or research any existent subjects. Furthermore, analyzing informations can be really time-consuming. Quantitative informations tends to bring forth per centums and Numberss, which can do it easier to see tendencies, it besides tends to hold big samples because it takes less clip to analyze the information, and this increases the likeliness that it will be more representative ( Haralambos, 1983 ) . I would, nevertheless, argue that the excess work for qualitative methods was worth the clip, as my consequences seem more enlightening and valid.Ethical motivesEthical motives was an of import consideration, which I took into history by following good pattern advocated by ( Israel, Hay, 2006 ) . I ensured when carry oning interviews that I provided an information sheet that stated what I was making, any ethical concerns that may be raised, how I would turn to them, and the inside informations of the university, the undertaking and myself. ( Appendix 10i ) The ethical concerns that need to be taken into history when executing interviews include ; deriving informed consent, reassuring the interviewees that the information would be confidential and vouch their namelessness, and that the interviewee could retreat at any clip, including after the arrangement had finished ( Oliver, 2003 & A ; Farrell 2005 ) . My host and I besides gave inside informations about advancement on a hebdomadal footing. We gave anyone who was diffident about being interviewed an chance to discourse any issues, and retreat if necessary ( though this ne'er happened in world ) . The inside informations of the university were made available, in the improbable invent that I had behaved in an upsetting or inappropriate mode, and they wished to kick ( Oliver, 2003, Mauthner 2002 ) .Data Findingss and DecisionsMitchell ( 2005 ) , MacBeath ( 2006 ) every bit good as some staff were critical of whether it is really of all time possible to be to the full inclusive, and suggest that there are some barriers, to make with society and medical issues, that merely can non be removed. ( Appendix 10e, degree Fahrenheit, g ) Burr ( 2003 ) suggests that these sole barriers are founded in the societal phenomena of our civilization, and it is this that develops into societal contexts, curtailing entree to minorities. This is otherwise known as social-constructionism. Burr goes on to propose that, in the instance of extra and complex demands, we have a societal context into which we place kids ‘s conditions and behavior, and it is this that decides what a kid is or is non capable of, in â€Å" our † mainstream society, this is otherwise known as internal kernels ( Fromm, 2001 ) , once more this was seen, by some staff, as a possible barrier to transporting out the Lotc initative, this is besides related to an ealier point in the principle about staff holding the power to implement alterations ( Baker and Gottlieb, 1980, Galloway and Goodwin, 1987, Leyser and Abrams, 1983, Vlachou, 1997 ) , and is besides a point that could be shared with my collegue Jen Bright, and her arrangement ‘s findi ngs. Nind et Al ( 2005 ) extend this point by inquiring ; who decides what an extra or complex demand is? The thought of whether a kid is functional or non is context-dependent. Outside agents or originative spouses can frequently fall victim to learning kids with â€Å" authoritative teaching method † for a â€Å" common † category. However, any kid who is unable to larn â€Å" usually † in those conditions is seen as handicapped. In good pattern or through societal context, this may ne'er be the instance, and is a point Mayfield understand is their duty to acquire across to future Lotc spouses and was included in the Lotc policy. ( Appendix 7 ) It is, so, argued that disablement is a map of the environment in which kids are constrained to larn, otherwise known as â€Å" the societal theoretical account of disablement † . It is up to the instructor to interrupt down the barriers that constrain kids ‘s engagement, if we can non ever interrupt them for the act of larning itself ( Ainscow, 1999, Rose et Al, 1993, Sebba et Al, 1994 ) . We ensured this was acknowledged when making our Lotc policy, so these barriers could be broken down in coaction with the service supplier we were utilizing. ( Appendix 7 ) Following the support from direction, many staff and the school ‘s doctrine it was ever appropriate to guarantee that the extra or complex demands of the kids were non used as an alibi to take down educational outlooks or distance them from larning outside the schoolroom ( Hayes, 2004, Ainscow, 1999, Cheminais, 2007 ) . Hayes suggests that self-pride is to be found through educational accomplishment, it is of import to detect that they mean a kid ‘s ain â€Å" personal accomplishment. † Hayes besides suggests this is merely possible through seeking to restrict barriers to larning ( as medically accomplishable ) , by interrupting down every bit many possible barriers to engagement, otherwise known as holding equal worth for scholars ( Rogers, 1983 ) . There besides needs to be a â€Å" positive and unconditioned respect † for all scholars ( Hayes, 2004, p134, Griddens, 1998 ) , and once more it was this type of shared attitude for the undertaking which brough t us to bring forth the secondary course of study reappraisal work every bit good as the Lotc policy in coaction. ( Appendix 4,7 ) But non merely that, as a co-worker suggested in a group meeting, who besides worked at a SEN school, it is about non holding â€Å" commiseration † for any kid with an extra demand, this is a trap a batch of mainstream practicians can happen themselves in, the lowering of educational and emotional outlooks ( McGee et al, 1987 ) , and was something I learnt professionally during my clip at Mayfield. ( Appendix 10g ) We tried to guarantee that as Nind et Al ( 2005 ) and Bearne ( 1996 ) advocator, instructors at the school have the outlook to hold it unacceptable to utilize barriers to engagement as an alibi for a kid to be unable to take portion in a Lotc activity, though it was understood that presently it would be improbable for a assorted Lotc activity between SLD ‘s and PMLD kids to take topographic point ( Appendix 7, 10g ) . The direction of these â€Å" barriers to engagement † is to be aided by two theoretical patterns undertaken by the school. One, the basic construct of cognizing your scholars ‘ ( Norwich & A ; Kelly, 2004, Nind et Al, 2005 ) and distinction of the course of study to accommodate the category while on visits ‘ ( King-sears, 2008, Bearne, 1996, McNamara & A ; Moreton, 1997 ) and, two, effectual summative and formative appraisal, informing future pattern and the hereafter partnership with the supplier of the visit, once more this is something we introduced to the Lotc policy. ( Appendix 7 ) King-sears ( 2008 ) really states that â€Å" a assortment of adaptable teaching methods are effectual for pupils with and without disablements † ( 2008, p55 ) . Research has shown that the general instruction course of study, with aid from distinction, can guarantee that all scholars are educated successfully ( Cole, 2005 ) . This has ensured that the work carried out while on arrangement, including the visit to Stover park and the scientific discipline twenty-four hours ( Appendix 9 ) , will be utile to my hereafter pattern in mainstream instruction. Improvement on my practise came in the signifier of understanding Rose and Meyer ‘s ( 2000a, B ) enterprise of â€Å" cosmopolitan design acquisition † which was undertaken at Mayfield. These are techniques based on three classs, foremost, how the acquisition is represented to the kids ( for illustration ocular or haptic methods ) , secondly, the surrender to the fact that kids engage in larning activities in varied ways, and thirdly, the simple fact that kids may wish to show their acquisition in different ways ( spoken, drawn or written ) This is something that will be of a great usage to my hereafter pattern, and informed my planning for the kids ‘s â€Å" scientific discipline twenty-four hours † . ( Appendix 9 )DecisionThroughout this arrangement I have identified a figure of issues, both for my professional function as a instructor, and broader results associating to instruction, particular demands instruction and larning outside the schoolroom. This u ndertaking has helped me to believe about acquisition and instruction in different ways and in a different context. Other issues which I feel have been important have been the social and governmental outlooks of instructors, I will foremost name the chief countries of acquisition and involvement relating to this undertaking ( Appendix 11 ) ; An increased identify for my History and Geographical specialism ( Appendix 2 ) A far greater apprehension of particular instruction demands kids and how they achieve. ( Appendix 1a, b,3,4,5,7,9 ) I now know how to put up, work and utilize advice from partnerships in school every bit good as educational professionals outside of the school scene. ( Appendix 10 ) I have a better professional apprehension of how to present to kids with extra acquisition demands, and have increased my pedagogical cognition, which allows me to be far more inclusive, and allows me to interrupt down barriers to engagement in category. ( Appendix 9 ) I understand the value of larning outside the schoolroom for all students and how it can profit acquisition in the schoolroom and kids ‘s overall development to be a valued member of society ( Appendix 1a, b,7 ) . While I understand the benefits of larning outside the schoolroom, I have besides understood the practical obstructors to its bringing, viz. entree to the cognitive stuff on visits ( Burr, 1995, MacBeath, 2006, Mitchell, 2005 Swain, 1993, Appendix 10e ) , entree to some constitutions still requires alteration ( Swain, 1993, Appendix 10e, H ) , single instructor ‘s thrust to acquire behind an enterprise ( Baker and Gottlieb, 1980, Galloway and Goodwin,1987, Leyser and Abrams, 1983, Vlachou, 1997 ) , fright of wellness and safety concerns ( Shepherd, 2010, Appendix 10e, ) and eventually fiscal restraints ( Mitchell, 2005, Appendix 10e ) . Though I have been able to reply some of these ( Appendix 1a, b,4,5,7,8 ) , they are frequently used as unfavorable judgment to the acquisition outside the schoolroom doctrine, and to be able to reply them with practical schemes will be of a immense benefit in future pattern ( Swain, 1993, Austin, 2007 ) . I have besides learnt the world of medical barriers to some facets of cognitive acquisition and national course of study attainment, despite this, it is non something that should bring on commiseration upon a practician or lower your educational outlooks of kids with extra educational demands. I have a greater grasp and apprehension of the function of directors and capable coordinators than of all time before, and I can prosecute them in developing bringing of the course of study ( Appendix 4,5 ) . I besides understand that I need to better on accomplishments that can enthuse all members of staff if they do n't portion the same passion for something ; it is a hard accomplishment as noted by ( Austin, 2007 ) , and one that will hold to better if I wish to organize in the hereafter. I besides had an chance to work and larn about more long-run planning, something that would ne'er hold been possible on a traditional arrangement, and will be of immense benefit to me if I qualify. ( Appendix, 2,4,5 ) Finally it has been a existent joy to take part and set about some instruction of both SMD and PMLD kids. ( Appendix 9 ) Finally I genuinely believe the hereafter of Lotc for kids with extra and complex demands has two issues in relation to its development. The first is that there needs to be a move towards bettering entree to the artifacts and the cognitive instruction that is supplied at visits, instead than the physical entree to installations, which as discussed in my proposal is much less of an issue in modern-day instruction, this is adovated by Pearson ( 1994 ) who states that through ; â€Å" Co-operation between single instructors, conservators and pedagogues who have adapted existing resources and installations to the demands of a peculiar group of kids with particular needsaˆÂ ¦ comes the greatest success. † p.14 The 2nd is that the authorities needs to take answerability and show earnestness to their statute law through support or it merely becomes rhetoric. Let schools to present Lotc decently by funding them decently through preparation, allow schools to perpetrate to the Lotc pronunciamento and guarantee that service suppliers can adequately provide for SEN kids ‘s demands. ( Mitchell, 2005, Appendix 10e ) Part B – Reflection*IntroductionContemplation has been key in this faculty in respects to concentrating non merely on my arrangement, but besides on my ain professionalism ( Bolton, 2005 & A ; Moon, 2004 ) . The arrangement was a perfect chance to spread out my cognition and apprehension of larning outside the mainstream schoolroom, and besides how this can be applied to profit my ain instruction. This arrangement was like no other I have encountered and pushed me into antecedently unknown countries within a school environment, such as working with other professionals ( Guirdham, 1996 ) , and working independently and collaboratively with many different sections ( Macdonald, 1995 ) . I saw how a school and other administrations run from top to bottom, and was made aware of a huge array of doctrines and sentiments that were so good to my professional development and advancement as a instructor. Contemplation has been an assistance to the whole of this arrangement ( Appendix 11,12 ) every bit good as composing up portion A of this assignment, and I now have small uncertainty that it will go on to be an of import accomplishment throughout my learning calling. Examples of the chief countries of contemplation informing both my decisions to the arrangement every bit good as my professional development are below ; ( Appendix 12a besides shows a list of the Q-Standards that I have been able to accomplish during this arrangement. ) * Please note CP4 and Final statement of larning attached ( Appendix 12b, degree Celsius ) 1 ) Undertaking the early concerns and exposure of the school and myself To my hosts and I, this arrangement and the Lotc ideals foremost emerged as a manner to force the boundaries of the bing theoretical account of learning. Traditional ideals on this arrangement would hold been challenged and the true ground behind instruction for the kids of Mayfield called into inquiry, this is a really tough procedure for staff and direction to travel through, possibly some staff were slightly threatened by get downing work with me. I sensed that this was borne out of feelings of exposure. ( Campbell et al, 1992, Mahoney, 1997, Smedley, 2006, ATL, 2009 ) What are the truths in footings of what happens in a schoolroom? What do kids of Mayfield take place with them when they leave? How much of it is truly utile to their every twenty-four hours lives? Lotc was, if you like, a call to weaponries for those who were ready for something new. The argument on Lotc called into inquiry what I value as an pedagogue, peculiarly with kids of extra and complex demands. Should we n on be underscoring accomplishments that were more movable, and promoting a much broader manner of believing about life and the jobs it will necessarily throw at the kids of Mayfield? Was that being acknowledged within a schoolroom of 10 students who spend six hours of every twenty-four hours in a room with the same grownups? Some of these kids were still go forthing school without the accomplishments they needed to take a successful life ; Lotc could diverge from traditional focal point of instruction and topographic point more value on accomplishments that were non being taught efficaciously in the confines of schoolroom walls. Ultimately though, this journey that has been embarked on, is still unfolding and developing as I write. I now find it soothing to cognize that we were working as a partnership and that I was merely a cog or accelerator in a much bigger machine. At the beginning, nevertheless, I felt as though my ain duties had swollen overnight and the position of Lotc had been all of a sudden elevated and needed to be justified absolutely – I had to react to these challenges. This forced me to inquire myself whether I would hold the accomplishments to run into these demands that would be made of me. The school had high outlooks after the early work completed, and the arrangement was a immense committedness, but at the same clip cipher knew what it was traveling to affect and so it was traveling to arouse different responses in different people. Inevitably, closer working relationships were more readily established between some staff members than others. Individual degrees of committedness to the ideals and pattern embedded in Lotc vary and so did the apprehension and reading, this was noted by my host and me when we evaluated the arrangement ( Appendix 10g ) , it was unpredictable, particularly at the beginning. This was exciting and after the initial concern I began to look frontward to the new enterprises, and turn in assurance and place what could be achieved through Lotc. 2 ) Working with direction and other professionals One immediate issue was for me to get down a duologue with the members of staff. I began to go to meetings with the dept. caput and the educational visits coordinator, who would be to a great extent involved in the undertaking. This was rather daunting and took some adjusting to because, for a start, I did n't yet cognize how precisely I was traveling to be able to lend. I think, in retrospect, the whole point of those meetings was to supply a forum for treatment and planning, merely as Douglas ( 1985 ) provinces. I realise now that I was developing accomplishments that I would ne'er hold had an chance to had I non been involved in this arrangement. Would I of all time have imagined taking a school and its direction into including Lotc into their doctrine and long term programs? This was one of the exciting chances available to me as a consequence of this arrangement. A batch of what I have learnt, apart from the obvious things, has been to make with assurance and my individuality as a instructor, history and geographics specializer and now a Lotc specializer.3 Conclusions to my professional development, and where I can go on to better.Lotc and this arrangement hold given me greater ownership of the course of study. Associating topics in a relevant manner has made the course of study more purposeful for kids with extra acquisition demands and has enabled me to pass more clip enriching and widening acquisition, every bit good as increasing my pedagogical cognition to the benefit of all kids. Th e accent on cardinal accomplishments and multiple intelligences at Mayfield makes the course of study more relevant and encourages Lotc acquisition, instead than concentrating on geting cognition. The development of the planning procedure in respects to Appendix 7,8 has developed my professional development with respects to planning and collaborative acquisition. I ‘ve tried to work hard at being a better hearer, with some of the early Dictaphone recordings being peculiarly hard to play back, when I hear myself continually interrupting up my co-workers point with my ain. Supplying clip and infinite for persons to research and show their ain positions and apprehensions had considerable value, guaranting people feel listened to must non be underestimated, and while it is something I have now recognised, I still need to use it practically. ( Douglas 1985, Bolton 2005, Mills 1996 ) Professional inquiries I had to reply: How far is the Lotc vision shared by all staff? How make I/we convert people this is the right manner? Can we devolve leading even more? How can I/we do people experience confident and take hazards? How make I/we back up twelvemonth group squads who are experiencing negative? How make you back up instructors in making Lotc activities Why are at that place changing positions about the undertaking, runing from really positive to veto? From replying these inquiries I feel more able to: Tolerate and pull off my ain and other ‘s uncertainness Aid to make and prolong a shared overall vision but allow divergency of attacks by others Model Lotc attacks, procedures and good pattern Undertake joint planning and bringing of targeted Lotc experiences Evalute the impact of developments from my ain position Raise issues Provide feedback for the school on new developments and proposals School based support and protagonism, beyond merely policy Embed Lotc and back up staff development. The accomplishments or qualities that I found most valuable in myself were: Flexibility Open mindedness Awareness of restrictions Identifying and accepting acquisition chances Staying positive Committedness Identifying and attaching existent value to accomplishments larn Bing resourceful Bing originative 4 ) Conclusions to whether this arrangement will hold a permanent impact at Mayfield. I have now realised that much of the leading had rested on the caput instructors, and the educational visits coordinator. Much of the school-based leading was besides hinged on direction, and possibly this needs to be addressed if Lotc is to hold a longer impact at Mayfield. I should hold discussed ways in which leading of Lotc could be more devolved. I ‘m peculiarly concerned that long term sustainability and implanting would merely go on if leading were devolved. I think it should be said that what is needed is for some kind of equivalent ; person who would â€Å" title-holder † and pattern Lotc. I hope this can be through [ Nancy Harlow ] whom I worked closely with throughout the arrangement, and with whom I created the long term planning thoughts ( Appendix 4 ) . It is indispensable that all staff members engage in the procedures of alteration, take portion in the argument and reflect on their instruction in order to travel on and keep a healthy, expressive acquisition outside the schoolroom experience. It is besides necessary for leaders to take hazards in order to make the clime in which Lotc can go on. The persons within the school have to take more duty at a planning degree, supported by a squad and school recognition that Lotc is something they all wish to accomplish, this ca n't merely go on through what I have written into the policy ( Appendix 7 ) , unless it is upheld. ( Mills 1996, Thompson 2003, McGill, 2007 ) 5 ) Where my research could travel frontward I believe my research into the impact of Lotc with respect to both mainstream and particular educational demand kids ‘s accomplishment and acquisition could hold been aided by actively supplying penetrations to museums and external educational professionals. It would besides be a singular illustration of self-advocacy by consumers of Lotc services whose positions are non normally heard ( Pearson, 1994 ) . As discussed with my co-worker during the faculty, who worked â€Å" on the other side of the fencing † in relation to the Lotc â€Å" inquiry † , we believe that sentiments and unfavorable judgments of kids and pupils irrespective of demand should ever be indispensable elements in planing educational proviso for them, and, 2nd, that it should ever be acknowledged that teaching method and accommodations to services which benefit visitants with disablements could constantly heighten the museum experience for everyone. ( Bearne, 1996, McGill, 2007 )