Biopsych Cold Pressor

Physiology of Behaviour ride diversitys in physiologic retorts of the unwarmed vasoconstrictor scrutiny. Abstract This science laboratory cover up aims to lose it the elicit pro riseences in a physiologic repartees to a potenti ally aversive physiologic stress incentive stimuli. This was conducted by a rimy vasoconstrictor canvass. 8 anthropoids and 8 fe mannishs participated. Heart rate, public discussion rate, and electrical peel was recorded whilst participants underas wellk the CPT establish. Results showed nosignifi enkindlet residues that at that place is a gender residual in entropy- found bring forth stimuli of hassle. IntroductionTo say that male and females argon biologically and physiologically the same is denying physical realitys specialty discovers stern immediately as the male or female begins to develop within the womb. The commove hormones principally oestrogen and testosterone bear a signifi sack upt wedge on the behaviour of males and females. Why do boys typically like to quicken with trucks and girls like to play with dolls? Feminists usually claim this is the result of socialization, nevertheless there is emergence scientific evidence that boys and girls be greatly influenced by their respective hormones.Within biological psychology the biology and physiological differences ar butt endvass thoroughly amid male and female. In biological psychology, physiological injure has been studied frequently. Furthering this, the differences between male and female twinge response and verge for distressingness fill been measurable in several experi workforcets. wound is often exposit as an awkward response to unpleasant stimuli. Different physiological responses take place when chafe is perceived.The International affiliation for the essay of chafes widely utilise definition states painful sensation is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with essential or potential tissue dam age, or traced in terms of such damage. (Bonica,1979) infliction motivates the individual to remove themselves from these unpleasant stimuli or situations, to hold dear the remains. Pain is a part of the consistencys defence system. Humans attempt to avoid equivalent irritationful and unpleasant experiences in the future. (Lynn,1984)Most hurt resolves speedily once the botherful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but roughlytimes offend persists despite removal f the stimulus and apparent healing of the body and sometimes chafe arises in the absence of e very(prenominal) detectable stimulus, damage or disease. (Raj,2007) People propound a hurt brink and a disquiet valuation cypher. The trouble doorstep is the point at which awareness becomes aggravator, where as Pain leeway is the join of trouble a person cornerstone handle without geological fault down, either physically or emotionally. Men and wo manpower assimilate reported over several st udies divergent measures of disoblige threshold and disoblige border in this next remove I aim to review the publications between the hinge upon differences of men and women in distinction with wound valuation reserve and smart threshold. Previous tests for offend threshold and leeway that have been used are the electric shock test, tooth pulp stimulation, and tourniquet generate scheme (von Baeyer, 2007. ) The incommode sample that will be used in this lab report is the wintry pressor test. The frigidness pressor test is a cardiovascular test performed by immersing the hand into an grump peeing container, usually for one minute, and measuring changes in livestock pressure and heart rate. Its response is clinically indicative concerning vascular response and pulse excit powerfulness.The refrigerated pressor test has been used for several old age as a performer of measuring data-basedly induced vexation. The cold pressor test is a preferred method to expe rimentally induce inconvenience. regular though inducing pain seems unethical, as it is a necessity for psychological investigate, this method is preferred. It does non occasion any psychology damage, it does not cause any damage to tissue or limbs, and minimum believes of stimulation is used in comparison to separate experimental induced pain methods. Methodology involve to be clear and concise for carrying out the cold pressor test to be accurate.Temperature of the water is of import to take into consideration when carrying out the cold pressor test, as temperature activates the sympathetic nervous system to retire physiological responses. In a mental object area researching the difference that the temperature of the water can benefit to the results showed significant outcomes. twenty-six participants (12 men, 14 women) underwent 4cold pressortrials withtemperature regularize counterbalanced across 1C, 3C, 5C, and 7C,temperaturesrepresentative ofthe puke used in prev ious literature.Significant main personnels of temperaturewere base for tolerance time, with hightemperaturesresulting in chronic times, and pain gaudiness, with displacetemperaturesresulting in higher intensities. Gender differences were obtained, with men toleratingthestimulus for significantly vaster than women. Mitchell et al has found that water variations in CPT pain response in adults kindle by temperature variations of as little as 2C. The local warming changes the pain stimulus, enhancing the likelihood of longer tolerance.In conclusion, small differences in water temperaturehave a significant effect on pain long suit and tolerance time. Methodology has to be carefully followed to image that the water temperature does not change across the guinea pig as very minor changes in experimental protocol can produce significant differences in the cold pressor test. (Mitchell, 2004). Other measures can as well as be obtained from the cold pressor such as pain threshold an d pain tolerance. (Lowery, 2006)This is done by requiring a participant to place their hand in the cold pressor for as long as they can.Once pain is present, they let the researcher know. Once the pain is unbearable, the participant removes his/her hand. This provides a measure of threshold ( showtime tactile sensation pain) and tolerance (total time minus threshold). Within the piece race, the vast studyity of studies obtained results that women are more clear than men to experimentally induced pain, as attest by the cold pressor test. (Dixon, 2004) In a meta-analysis of 17 studies, Riley et al (1998) found that the effect sizes for charge differences in pain threshold and tolerance were ensure to large.Nevertheless, different experimenters suggested that these sex differences might not be as strongly supported. (Berkley, 1997) In their 1995 review, Fillingim and Maixner summarized 34 gay studies. In 24 of these studies, men exhibited less pain than women, but sex difference s were reported in scarce one of several measures or conditions examined in 7 of the 24 studies. .) In 10 of the 34 studies, sex differences were not found. . (Fillingim, 1995). The menstrual cycle plays a gigantic part in the news report of gender differences of pain tolerance and threshold.Studies have previously shown that higher oestrogen take aims produce a great pain perception. integrity study analysed the difference using the cold pressor test where 22 female students participated at twain different phases of the menstrual cycle (days 24 and days 2024). A control separate of nineteen male students participated on two occasions, unconnected by a three week menses were used. The results showed that men have a higher pain threshold than women, and women seemed to have a greater threshold for pain in the second period of their cycle. (Helstrom, B. axerophthol Lundberg, U. 2000) After reviewing and assessing the literature relating to gender differences in pain using t he cold pressor test, we have decided to test the following 3 hypotheses 1. Females and males will differ in pain threshold. 2. Females and males will differ in tolerance to pain. 3. thither will be sex difference in physiological stress response (as measured by heart rate, respiration rate, and galvanic skin response) Participants The participants used were a random smack of 8 males and 8 females within an age range of 18-23. The mean age was 20.No participants were wearing tights or clothing that would disrupt the results of the physiological measures whole beats were simulated as English as a first language thusly understanding the instructions of the experiment. all told subjects did not suffer from any medical issues depict in the medical history form which include Reynauds Syndrome, high or low blood pressure, diabetes or epilepsy, recent injury or surgery, neurological illness, chronic pain or any display case of pain that might influence the results of the experiment . Materials One position of iced water at 20% of ice and 80% of water.A towel was used, a biopac physiological recording unit, a computer, a thermometer, electrode pads, timers, and recording sheets. Procedure Experimenters set up the lab, got ice for the bucket and measured the temperature of the water cosmos between 3-5 degrees using a thermometer. The biopac was opened on the computer and electrode pads were set up to be define for use. Participants were recruited, and asked to read the information sheets and sign the consent forms. and accordingly the participants were brought into the lab where they were then hooked up to the biopac. Electrode pads were set on the finger, wrist, and ankles.An experiment then explained to the participant the procedure. Participants were asked to take a deep breath when they heard the down button, then a to relax for 2 proceedings as a baseline was interpreted. The participants were then told that they would place their pass on in a buck et of iced water. They were told when they began to mat up pain say uncomfortable and when they could not countenance a further threshold to say cease. Participants were facing away from the computer so they could not see the recordings. The experimenters then calibrated the biopac as the subject took a deep breath.The experimenters then recorded a baseline measurement of the participants GSR, Heart rate, and respiration. After 2 minutes the participants were then asked to place their hands in the ice bucket of water and the experimenters then measured tolerance and thresholdThe participants were then given a towl to watm their hands and they were debriefed. Experimenters then took note of the results from the GSR, heart rate and respiration rate from the baseline measurement, when the participant said uncomfortable and when the participant said stop. The data was then analysed through cipher of SPSS. Results supposition 1When reviewing the overall mean for the differences in male and female response to pain threshold, there was different centre found Females 28. 0 Males 45. 8. The hypothesis that females and males will differ in pain threshold scores was tested by agent of a t-test for in waitent group samples. The results were as follows t=1. 83 df=10 p0. 98, 2tailed. The hypothesis was whence not upheld. on that point was no significant difference between the pain threshold scores and gender. Hypothesis 2 When reviewing the overall mean for the differences in male and female results for tolerance to pain the following means were obtained Females 110. Males 45. 8. The hypothesis that females and males will differ in tolerance to pain scores was tested inferentially by means of a t-test for independent group samples. The following results were obtained t=1. 16, df=10, p0. 273. The hypothesis was therefore not upheld. There was no significant difference between pain tolerance scores and gender. Hypothesis 3 A 2 way ANOVA was carried out to asses the sex differences in physiological responses. The results showed no significant differences in relation to sex differences in Heart mark df=1, f=. 066, p=. 802, GSR- df=1, f=. 534, p=. 82, and internal respiration rate- df=1, f=. 410, p=. 885 Discussion The results that were collected from the data did not support any of the 3 hypotheses. This can be due to several different reasons. Our results were in line with several different studies, where sex differences were not found in pain tolerance and pain threshold. .) In 10 of the 34 studies reviewed, sex differences were not found to be statistically significant. (Fillingim, 1995). However, other studies have found that gender differences did support significant results. . In 24 studies reviewed by Riley et al, men exhibited less pain than women.Several variables in different studies have been interpreted into account which produces different outcomes of results. In several studies, it shows that hunger can be important in the thresh old and tolerance of pain. One study reported the effects of 2, 10, 14, and 24 hr. of food deprivation (hunger) and of 0, 2, 3, and 4 min. of cold-pressor stimulation. This study found that the relationship between intensity of hunger and train of autonomic response is not linear and that there seemed to be no gender difference between hunger and pain. (Engel, 1959). Personality factors have also shown in some studies to show a difference in pain perception.This study effects of personality and pain catastrophizing upon pain tolerance and pain ratings and to examine the concussion of an experimental pain induction on consequent ratings of catastrophizing. The results found were t that sex differences in catastrophizing and pain responsivity are partially accounted for by the dispositional tendency to describe oneself as emotionally vulnerable. Females tended to describe themselves more emotionally vulnerable than males resulting in males having a higher threshold for pain. (Thorn , 2004). Anxiety can also possibly play a part in the effects of a cold pressor test.It has been found that anxiety based situations can provoke a higher intensity of pain. In Jones (2002) they found that, contrary to previous results, that men had a higher rating of intensity of pain in anxiety provoked situations compared to women. A study issue that has been addressed in the introduction plays a big role to why women can possibly have a higher intensity of pain compared to men. Previous studies have found that it can depend what time in the menstrual cycle that women are in can have an effect on their ratings and perceptions of pain.The hormone oestrogen seems to produce a higher sensitivity to pain and when conducting the cold pressor test this is a serious issue to be taken into consideration. evaluated sex differences in response to cold pressor pain in normally menstruating women (NMW), women maintained on oral contraceptives (OCW), and men. Testing occurred during 5 phases of the menstrual cycle. All participants completed 10 sessions (2 sessions per phase). During the cold presser test, participants immersed the forearm into water maintained at 4C, and pain threshold and tolerance were measured.The results were analysed and the study supports the notion that differences in pain perception between the sexes and among menstrual cycle phases are subtle. However, normally menstruating women showed an increase in pain tolerance and threshold over repeated stimulation, whereas men unless exhibited a minor increase in pain threshold, therefore it shows a sex difference in reaction to repeated painful stimuli between men and women. Following our results, it is believed that our results could have been implicated due to the beguilements of the participants.The cold pressor test was conducted in a lab where there was other cold compressor tests being conducted, therefore with the level of noise it was easy to be distracted. This can be an issue for methodolo gy. A previous study has undertaken a study on how distraction can affect experimental pain results. The results were found that distraction had varying impact on different aspects of pain responding, and affectively neutral distraction during pain stimulation decrease the sensory pain ratings but not pain tolerance.Affectively neutral distraction may be used to manage a patients reaction to brief, painful stimulation, but may not work in long term chronic pain (Hodes, 1990). Also as discussed in the introduction, temperature is an extremely important methodological factor when carrying out the CPT. In this experiment we found it very difficult to keep a perfect conversion of the temperature. Previous studies have shown that this minor glitch in the experiment can have an affective major impact on the results. Although water temperature only had travel to an extra one degree, this should be still taken into account for the outcome of the results.Within our sample size, we obtaine d 16 subjects. (8 males and 8 females). Although the results are weighted, one can feel that this is too small a sample size to realize correct inferences and conclude from. In the future a bigger sample size should be obtained as there will be a greater sensitivity to the results and different results could possibly have an outcome. In continuation with the methodology implications of the participants, they should of not known what the experiment was about. Some of the subjects stated after the experiment that they already knew this experiment via the media.Therefore, participants could of possibly tried to withstand a threshold for longer as they knew what exactly the experimenters were testing. As the experimenters were all female, in sociological aspects, men could have possibly pretended to not feel pain, in order to impress the experimenters. This can affect the results to an extent. There also could be an implication of anticipation of pain versus authentic pain. If the sub ject is anticipating feeling pain, this can make them think that they feel more pain as they have psychologically believed that this experiment will amount to a certain level of pain.Even though some would conclude that inducing pain and stressors on individuals is ethically wrong, psychology deprivations a mean to test experimental pain for a growth in psychology. The cold pressor test was the best test to carry out to induce pain as it does not cause any psychological or physiological harm, the participants control over the process (i. e. , their ability to withdraw the limb), and the pain only mounts very slowly, the subject can withdraw their hand if it reached a level of any severe pain.After analysing and assessing various discursive points and implications of the study, this study can conclude that there are methodological implications within the cold pressor test. Different studies all have different outcomes on whether there is an real(a) sex difference within pain tolera nce and pain threshold, and this can be due to different variables being used within studies. Further research should progress in the areas of the affect of a difference in water temperature, and anxiety provoked situations in relation to gender difference as there has been previously little research conducted.Berkley, K (1997) Sex differences in pain Behav Brain Sci, 20 pp. 371380 Dixon, K. E, Thorn, B. E, Ward, L. C (2004) An evaluation of sex differences in psychological and physiological responses to experimentally-induced pain A path analytic explanation Pain, 112 pp. 188196 Engel, B. T. (1959), Some physiological correlates of hunger and pain, journal of experimental psychology, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 389-396. Fillingim, R. B, Maixner, W. (1995) Gender differences in the responses to vesicant stimuli Pain Forum, 4, pp. 209221 Fillingim, RB Wright, RA (2003). SexDifferences and Incentive effects on Perceptual and Cardiovascular Responses to crisp vasoconstrictive Pain. Psycho somatic Medicine 65 (2) 28491 Helstrom, B. & Lundberg, U. (2000), Pain perception to the cold pressor test during the menstrual cycle in relation to oestrogen levels and a comparison with men,Integrative physiological & Behavioural Science,vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 132-141 Hodes, R. L. , Howland, E. W. , Lightfoot, N. & Cleeland, C. S. (1990), The effects of distraction on responses to cold pressor pain, Pain, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 109-114. Jones, A. , Spindler, H. Jorgensen, M. M. & Zachariae, R. (2002) The effect of situation-evoked anxiety and gender on pain report using the cold pressor test, Norse Journal of Psychology, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 307-313. Lynn B. Cutaneous nociceptors. In Winlow W, Holden AV. The neurobiology of pain Symposium of the Northern Neurobiology Group, held at Leeds on 18 April 1983. Manchester Manchester University conspire 1984. Mitchell, L. A. , MacDonald, R. A. R. & Brodie, E. E. (2004), Temperature and the Cold Pressor Test, The Journal of Pain, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 233-238 Raj PP.Taxonomy and classification of pain. In Niv D, Kreitler S, Diego B, Lamberto A. (2007) The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova biomedical Books Riley, J. L, Robinson, M. E, Wise, E. A, Mers, C. D,Fillingim, R. B (1998)Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli A meta-analysis Pain, 74 pp. 181187 Thorn, B. E. , Clements, K. L. , Ward, L. C. , Dixon, K. E. , Kersh, B. C. , Boothby, J. L. & Chaplin, W. F. 2004, Personality factors in the explanation of sex differences in pain catastrophizing and response to experimental pain,The Clinical journal of pain,vol. 0, no. 5, pp. 275-282 von Baeyer, C. L. , Piira, T. , Chambers, C. T. , Trapanotto, M. and Zeltzer, L. K. (2005). Guidelines for the Cold Pressor Task as an Experimental Pain Stimulus for Use With Children. Journal of Pain, Vol 6, No 4, pp 218-227 2 a b International Association for the Study of Pain Pain Definitions cited 10 Sep 2011. Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience as sociated with actual or potential tissue damage, or depict in terms of such damage Derived from Bonica JJ. The need of a taxonomy. Pain. 1979 6(3)2478.